LITTLE-KNOWN PHOTOS OF MUKHAMEDZHAN TYNYSHPAEV AND MUSTAFA SHOKAYA

The study of political sobriety, honesty, and discontent of a certain population is one of the main problems in the world. In this case, a certain policy towards the masses is important. Currently, contradictory ideas about the national policy pursued in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century have been formed in political vocabulary and historiography. In this empire, known as the Orthodox Christian state, national policy was reduced to regulating not the Position of non-Russian ethnic groups, but the status of their confessions and the organization of this social life, partially determined by local religious institutions, according to the imperial vocabulary, "foreigners".

The only subject of such a "national" policy was the imperial center, and the non-Russian peoples remained only the object of "national" management aimed at turning all territories annexed to Central Russia by the non-Russian population into a single all-Russian society. In practice, this meant that the policy of integrating violence turned into various variants of the "civilized" policy of Christianization and Russification, but such efforts did not yield the expected results.

This article is devoted to three photographs that allow us to expand our understanding of the political biography of two prominent representatives of the Kazakh people -Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev and Mustafa Shokai, who played a major role in the struggle of the peoples of Central Asia for self-determination in the early twentieth century.

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