This article provides information on the role, history, significance, and development of the North-South corridor connecting the Aral and Caspian Seas. The purpose of the article is to examine the history of Islamization and political and cultural development, as well as interethnic relations between the Aral-Caspian corridor. It highlights the continuous political and cultural importance of this corridor, especially its various influences on ethnocultural processes and the exchange of goods and ideas. Special attention is given to the role of Islam as a unifying force among diverse ethnic groups. The inclusion of the Aral Sea region, particularly Khorezm, into the Golden Horde strengthened Islamization. It gave new impetus to the spread and development of Hanafi theology across a vast, ethnically diverse area. The article discusses the spread of spiritual culture and Islam in Khorezm, Ustyurt, and the regions along the Volga and Ural rivers. It also presents a scholarly analysis of representatives of Sufi teachings, their teachers and students, and their contribution to the development of Islamic scholarship. For instance, the life and work of scholars such as Muhammad ibn Shihab al-Kerderi (8th/14th centuries), a disciple of the Khorezmian legal scholar Sayyid Jalal al-Din ibn Shams al-Din al-Gurlani, are described. The article concludes that Islam, which spread through the North–South corridor via the Aral and Caspian Seas, became the common spiritual religion of the peoples inhabiting the territories of Khorezm and the Golden Horde during the medieval period.

The recent interest in historical maps is due not only to the popularity of certain trends, but also to the insufficiency of written and other sources on the history of the steppe expanses of Eurasia. The purpose of the article is to study the history of the Aral region and the Aral Sea as a geographical and cultural center based on archival documents and maps. The opening of foreign archives and long-term archaeological expeditions made it possible to begin research on previously unknown maps and other materials. In turn, maps containing important information on Russian history have become an important tool for the study of complex and little-known historical periods, and in some cases they become of paramount importance due to the shortcomings of written information. Studying maps can help not only clarify the names of topographical or ethnic objects or peoples, but also locate cities and other important points, which is especially relevant for the history of the Central Asian region and its geographical and cultural centre, the Aral region.

The history of the Aral region has long been a reference point for the existence of powerful and diverse states. Starting from antiquity, the peoples of the Aral region became the initiators of global geopolitical changes. In the Middle Ages, the Aral Sea was the eastern border of the Khazar Kaganate, and the northern Aral was the capital district of the Oguz Kaganate. The change of eras, peoples and states directly depended on the natural rhythms of the Aral Sea, which was reflected in maps and other sources. Its study has become a kind of pinnacle of knowledge of European science in the Central Asian region in modern times. The diaries of travelers of that time have not yet lost their scientific value and need further study.

This article analyzes the long-term consequences of deportations and political repressions carried out in the Soviet Union during the 1920s–1950s. Particular attention is given to the societal repercussions and psychosocial aspects, including the loss of trust in state institutions, social fragmentation, and collective trauma passed down across generations. The purpose of the article is to examine the impact of political repression and deportations on people's psychology, their relationships with others, and perceptions of power. The author examines the impact of political repression and deportations on individuals' psychology, relationships with others, and perceptions of authority. The article also features personal memories and testimonies of the victims of repressions and deportations, providing deeper insight into the inner experiences and tragedies of those affected during Stalin's rule in the 1920s–1950s. A key theme of the work is the destruction of family ties, social isolation, loss of identity, and the long-term trauma experienced by victims. The article also explores the consequences of political repressions and deportations in the post-Soviet period, including the restoration of historical memory and the impact of silence about the past on modern society. The significance of preserving historical truth to prevent the recurrence of such tragedies is emphasized, along with the persistent fear that continues to linger in post-Soviet societies. The article employs methods of historical analysis and a comparative approach. Particular attention is given to the analysis of documents, personal testimonies, and memories of victims of political repressions and deportations, allowing for a deeper understanding of the psychological, social, and cultural consequences of these events. Additionally, methods of contextual analysis are applied to identify the interconnections between historical events and their impact on societal and individual perceptions.

The study aims to investigate the historiography of the Kazakh diaspora based on the historical experience of Kazakhs who migrated to Turkey. The primary objective is to identify the political, social, and cultural dimensions of diaspora history, to compare the methodological approaches of Western and Turkish scholars, and to systematize their academic interpretations concerning Kazakh migration and practices of preserving national identity. The research relies on a wide range of sources, including Western scholarly works and studies written in Turkish. These materials were analyzed comparatively to highlight methodological orientations and conceptual frameworks. In addition, narrative sources such as memoirs and testimonies of direct participants or eyewitnesses of migration were examined. Although these sources are often of literary and publicistic character, they provide significant empirical evidence for reconstructing the socio-psychological identity of the diaspora and its representation in historical memory. The findings reveal that Western historiography generally interprets the Kazakh diaspora within the framework of global migration processes and migration theories, whereas Turkish scholarship tends to conceptualize it as a historical and cultural continuation of the Turkic world. The incorporation of eyewitness accounts and personal recollections expands the scope of the research, enabling a deeper understanding of the diaspora’s socio-cultural and historical context. The comparative analysis of Western and Turkish research facilitates a more comprehensive examination of the political, social, and cultural aspects of Kazakh diaspora history. This integrative approach contributes to the development of a nuanced historiographical framework that reflects both global and regional perspectives on the Kazakh migration experience and the preservation of national identity in the diaspora.

In the historical context, the political parties of France underwent significant changes during the Fourth Republic. This was due to the reorganisations of the main political parties. Thus, in 1945-1946, three parties emerged at once: the Republican Party of Freedom, the Independent Republicans, and the Republican Group of Social and Peasant Action (later merging into the party of the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (NCSC). The electoral behaviour of political parties also influenced the party system of the Fourth Republic. The purpose of the study is to analyze the transformation of the French party system during the Fourth Republic, identify the causes of its instability, as well as determine the impact of the reorganization of political parties, electoral behavior of voters and political alliances on the functioning of parliamentary democracy and the strengthening of executive power. Artificially created political alliances and the politicking of political party leaders led to the collapse of government coalitions at the first crisis of domestic or foreign policy. The obvious discrediting of the regime in the most diverse strata of French society was in the hands of those political forces that fought to limit parliamentary democracy and strengthen executive power (Gaullism). The creation of various committees and commissions under the Government helped bring civil servants closer to representatives of the private sector and form the so-called technobureocracy. Thus, the unstable party system of the Fourth Republic manifested itself in the instability of the cabinets.

This article presents a historical and political analysis of the Ottoman Empire, which in the 16th century emerged as a powerful state across Eurasia, strengthening its territory through military campaigns and diplomatic relations. Under the rule of Suleiman I (1520-1566), the empire reached its peak in political, economic, and cultural development, marking the so-called «Golden Age». During this time, the Ottoman Empire was recognized as a state that influenced world civilization and had an established legal system. Suleiman's reign is notable not only for naval power but also for legal reforms and achievements in culture and architecture. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively analyze the political, legal and cultural development of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Suleiman I, to identify the essence and content of its "golden age", as well as to determine the contribution of the Ottoman Empire to the formation of political stability, the legal system and cultural heritage of world civilization based on historical, comparative and systematic approaches. To reveal the academic significance of the topic, historical-comparative and systematic analysis methods were employed, supported by modern scholarly literature. Drawing upon the works of prominent researchers, the article explores the meaning of the «Golden Age» concept in relation to the Ottoman Empire and It highlights its contributions to political stability and cultural flourishing.

The article analyses the educational institutions of Tashkent and their positions. In addition, the work of these educational institutions, including research and fundamental publications, will be identified and analysed. The purpose of the study is to analyze the process of formation and functioning of educational institutions in Tashkent during the formation of the Soviet education system, identify their functions and activities, as well as determine the role of the People's Commissariat of Education in the organization and development of the educational sphere, taking into account socio-political transformations and the transformation of traditional forms of education. After the October Revolution, a secular education system began to be actively introduced in Tashkent. When introducing a secular education system, the interests and interests of the local nation were not taken into account. After all, the madrasah schools that had previously served began to close en masse. Such educational institutions were focused on religious education. Russian correctional schools also ceased to exist. Instead, schools of a new type began to open, corresponding to the secular education system. The newly created People's Commissariat of Education was of great importance for the systematic course of work in this direction. The People's Commissariat of Education not only shaped the work of educational institutions, but also created conditions for active activity. For this purpose, it was also possible to establish close ties with the commissariats of various directions and to focus their work on a single goal. As a result, work was actively underway on the construction of new academic buildings, the launch of boarding schools, the provision of textbooks, and logistical support for school buildings. An assessment of the historiography of the study of these issues is given.

Among the most significant issues that occupy a central place in Kazakh society are various types of celebrations, including wedding ceremonies. It is well known that in past centuries weddings were based on Kazakh traditions and customs. However, over time, as social development progressed, these practices naturally changed.

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive disclosure of the cause-and-effect relationships that led to the transformation of the traditional wedding ceremony, as well as the identification of the main directions of its changes. The article analyses the processes of preservation and transformation of traditional institutions (matchmaking, kädе, oath-taking, blessings, betashar, etc.) in relation to the social significance and ritual structure of the contemporary Kazakh wedding. Through this analysis, the differences and specific features of wedding practices in the past and present are identified. The presented study examines the distinctive traditions that have developed over centuries in different regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, within historical-comparative and structural-functional frameworks. Particular attention is given to the transformations of the Soviet period and the years of independence, along with their causes and consequences. The influence of urbanization, media, and religious factors on modern wedding ceremonies is substantiated. The research provides a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of such traditional institutions as matchmaking, kalym (bride price), blessings, and betashar, tracing their evolution from ancient rituals to contemporary wedding practices in marriage palaces and mosques.

The article reveals the path of Islamization and the role of religion, which were necessary for the Qarakhanids to legitimize power within the state and activate foreign policy activities. For these purposes, the motives, causes and consequences of Islamization were studied, and the connection of Islamization with the traditions of foreign relations was established.

The purpose of the study is to study the influence of Islamization on the foreign policy activities of the Karakhanids and in what form it was used. The author argues that religious authority and orthodoxy also played a major role in relations between Muslim states, relying on information from Arabic and Persian sources. Attention is also paid to the relations of the Qarakhanids with non-Muslim countries, with which, mainly, trade and economic relations were established, although at first they were not peaceful and often resulted in armed conflicts. The influence and place of religion in the foreign policy of the Qarakhanids is clearly demonstrated in relations with the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Song China, which the author cites from sources in Arabic, Persian and foreign studies. The works of Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Taghriberdi, Bayhaqi, al-Karshi, Nizami Aruzi, ar-Ravendi became the main sources in this study. This work shows that the role of religion is much broader and fundamental in the history of medieval states and Islamization was a platform for dialogue.

The implementation of the new general high school curriculum in the Upper Secondary Education System (SEMS) demands self-management and complex reasoning competencies from students, which require specific neurobiological maturity.

The objective of this study was to diagnose the state of Executive Functions (EF) in high school students and, based on this evidence, to propose a situated pedagogical intervention. Through a quasi-experimental design, a sample of 20 students was evaluated using the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions (BANFE-3). The results revealed a significant maturational asynchrony: while the orbitofrontal area (behavioral regulation) is preserved in the majority, 70% of the sample presents alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal area, a region critical for planning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, in view of this finding, which suggests a biological barrier to autonomous learning, a systematized curricular intervention strategy is presented. This proposal integrates exercises in formal logic—to specifically stimulate the deficient dorsolateral area—and reading aloud (RA)—for the maintenance of inhibitory control—aligning with the learning unit of Mathematical Knowledge. It is concluded that high school should serve as an explicit cognitive training environment to close the gap between curricular demands and adolescents' neurofunctional capacity.

The development of research competencies has become an essential component of teacher education worldwide, including English Language Teaching (ELT) departments. While the ‘Research in Education’ course has been compulsory in ELT curricula of universities in Türkiye since the 2006–2007 academic year, it is still available; our 2024–2025 scan of ELT syllabi in Kazakhstan indicates that the course is still not compulsory in many ELT departments in Kazakhstan. Despite growing recognition that effective teaching and reflective inquiry are interconnected, the absence of a structured Research in Education course in Kazakhstani institutions raises critical questions about the research literacy of future English language teachers. The current study is qualitative and aims to contribute to curriculum innovation by offering evidence-based recommendations for integrating the Research in Education course into the ELT curriculum in Kazakhstan and suggesting appropriate syllabus content. Through document analysis of publicly available online syllabi from 58 state universities in Türkiye, the authors identified and systematised approximately 324 course topics from 45 accessible syllabi. These topics were thematically grouped and refined into 23 main content areas, including Introduction to Research. Less frequently addressed areas were: the Purpose and Importance of Research. By mapping the current content trends in Turkish ELT departments, this study proposes a model syllabus adaptable to the Kazakhstani context. Recommendations are provided to harmonize ELT curricula in Kazakhstan with international standards by embedding structured research components that foster analytical thinking, academic writing skills, and evidence-informed practice. The findings can serve as a resource for curriculum developers and faculty members seeking to enhance the research literacy of future English language teachers in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to justify the inclusion of the course “Research in Education” in Kazakhstan’s ELT curricula and to propose a content model based on the analysis of Turkish university programs.

The article reviews existing research and publications on the role of open educational resources (OER) in higher education. And various types of open educational resources (OER) that provide students and teachers with access to a variety of educational materials. The purpose of the article is to systematize existing research on the role of open educational resources in higher education, to identify their impact on the learning process, the development of student competencies and the effectiveness of teaching, as well as to identify key problems and advantages of their use.

The study of existing research and publications on the role of open educational resources (OER) in higher education is an important stage of the study. It allows you to get an overview of the current state and existing knowledge in this area, as well as to identify the progress, achievements and problems identified in previous studies.

The research identified the main aspects of the role of open educational resources, such as the role of open educational resources in the education process, in student learning and achievements, the development of key student competencies, the benefits of using open educational resources, accessibility of education, features of the costs of training and educational materials, flexibility of the educational process, problems in higher education associated with the use of open educational resources, problems of assessment quality, problems of adaptation of open educational resources and efficiency. The article also considers the role of teachers in the use of open educational resources and their roles in higher education. The main most well-known platforms providing open educational resources are analyzed.

The article examines the effectiveness and rationality of using a modern digital platform in the teaching of natural hazards in geography at general education schools, as well as ways to implement it. In a period when the process of globalization is rapidly gaining momentum on earth, the development of heavy industry sectors, the increase in the number of plants and factories, the excessive rise in the level of warming, various other factors are hurting natural processes, the teaching of natural hazards in the education system and the use of information technologies, digital platforms that meet the requirements of artificial intelligence occupy a vital place. In this regard, the role of the geography course in general education schools is especially significant. The article analyses foreign experience in teaching natural hazards, examines the features of implementation using modern technologies and effective methods and techniques, also pays attention to their role in improving students’ functional literacy.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methods of using the Aqylspace digital platform (including artificial intelligence capabilities) to improve the efficiency of teaching natural hazards in the school geography course, and to evaluate its impact on developing students' functional literacy and the overall quality of education. During the study, methods and techniques aimed at increasing the effectiveness of teaching in the fundamental section of the school geography course "Nature Management and Geoecology" are proposed for use on the digital platform Aqylspace. The mentioned digital platform also includes artificial intelligence capabilities that meet modern educational requirements, enhancing engagement in lessons and systematic information exchange between teacher and student. The survey results show that using the Aqylspace digital platform for teaching natural hazards in school geography increases access to additional lesson materials, effectively enhances students’ independent research skills, and contributes to improving the quality of education.

The article provides a scientific analysis of artistic and aesthetic pursuits within the framework of national values in the writer’s stories Amerikanyn ulttyq baylygy (America’s National Wealth), Aspandagy aq kobelekter (White Butterflies in the Sky), Qytaydan zhetken salemdeme (Greetings from China), Tarki duniye (Renouncing the World), Zhalgyzdyq (Loneliness), Korgen-baqqan (The Experienced), and Toqtyshaq. These works contribute significantly to the formation of patriotism, moral qualities, and instructive education, particularly among the younger generation. The effective use of the epistolary genre is demonstrated through Asemay’s letters to Omirbay in Qytaydan zhetken. The weakening of national values reflected in the actions of individual characters is examined in relation to the concept of spiritual and moral education in modern pedagogy. The artistic and aesthetic features of the stories are analyzed in terms of universal human values, national cognitive characteristics, parallelism, character portrayal, and artistic elements, including mysticism. Categories such as spiritual corruption, loneliness, conscience, compassion, and shame, conveyed through the system of characters, are considered alongside contemporary spiritual-moral education. Particular attention is given to the dominance of lyricism in Zhalgyzdyq and the mystical character of Tarki duniye. The elevation of the main characters is revealed through monologue and dialogue, while artistic expression is distinguished by its ability to incorporate streams of consciousness, dreams, and phantom visions. The article also discusses national education models—ancestral testament, reverence for homeland and nation, family values, national consciousness, and spiritual harmony—aimed at cultivating patriotism, morality, labour education, appreciation of beauty, and mastery of national values in accordance with the goals of educating future generations and enhancing personal development. The purpose of the article is to identify and scientifically analyze the artistic and aesthetic features of the writer's works in the context of national values and their educational potential in the system of modern spiritual and moral education.

The purpose of this brief three-year research study is to assess the reading ability in English, as a foreign language (FL), among eighth-grade learners in Kazakhstan. Reading literacy plays a crucial role in the learning process and increases knowledge of human beings across academic domains (see OECD, 2018). This study examined the reading and literacy skills of eighth-grade students in secondary schools in Pavlodar. The number of participants varied during the computer-based assessment from 2018 to 2020.

The instruments for data collection were online tests in English as a FL administered by the Electronic Diagnostic Assessment System (eDia) and a questionnaire with background items adapted from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) (OECD, 2018). English reading tests have been previously modified and validated (see Nikolov & Csapó, 2010), although additional specific materials on the country's cultural features have been used.

The reliability of the English language tests during the three-year assessment was very high, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the 8th grade in 2018 (α = 0.96), and in 2019 and 2020 (α = 0.94). The results revealed no significant gender differences in English language test performance among eighth-grade students over three years (p > 0.05). However, the small effect size of the first/native language during the three-year assessment study in eighth grade highlighted the importance of teaching reading skills in English as a foreign language for eighth-grade students in Kazakhstan.

Pedagogical conditions for the development of cartographic activity among future geography teachers, an essential part of professional training, are considered in the article. Changes in the educational space defined the role of future teachers in the educational process. In the context of the development of digital technologies and the increasing demands on academic programs, teachers must have the competencies to use cartographic methods in the educational process effectively. The study aims to determine the pedagogical conditions that contribute to the formation of cartographic activities of future geography teachers. In research, activity and competence approaches are analysed as modern theoretical frameworks for the formation of cartographic activity. The methods and means of forming cartographic activities are described. In the educational system, special attention is paid to the practical bases of carrying out cartographic activities. To determine the pedagogical conditions, a questionnaire was administered to the participants. The survey questions were compiled using a Likert scale. In the research, the pedagogical conditions necessary for cartographic activity are defined, and suggestions for improvement are provided. These conditions will effectively shape cartographic activity and can serve as a basis for increasing teachers' cartographic training. In conclusion, the main findings of the research are summarised, and the importance of developing cartographic activities as an integral part of the formation of a modern geography teacher as a professional specialist is emphasised.

Transversal skills influence the adaptation mechanisms of university students, especially first-year students and students in other courses. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between transversal skills and key factors in student adaptation, including regular attendance at higher education institutions and problems in the academic and social spheres. In the process of analysing the scientific literature, the content was identified that influences the improvement of students’ transversal skills for comfortable adaptation at university. The study considers additional skills that are not classified as transversal but are necessary for students and contribute to their adaptation to the conditions of higher education institutions. The study uses a mixed approach, including quantitative data collection and qualitative methods based on a student survey. The results of this study may be helpful to higher education institutions and educational organisations, as it proposes ways to improve the quality of education and student success. Higher education institutions can accept more students with complex needs by expanding skill development beyond academic competencies and including preparation for the challenges of higher education.

This article discusses the problem of developing methodological foundations for teaching high school students to solve transcendental equations and inequalities, as well as their systems. The main purpose of the study is to combine students' theoretical knowledge on this topic with practical knowledge, to develop effective teaching methods that enhance their logical thinking, analytical, and quantitative analytical abilities, and to introduce them into the educational process. The article analyzes the main types and properties of transcendental equations, suggests traditional and new methods for solving them. The teaching methodology consists of four stages: the assimilation of theoretical material, the performance of practical tasks, the use of information technology, creative tasks and teamwork. Each stage aims to consolidate students' theoretical knowledge and develop problem-solving skills through various methods. During the study, a specially developed teaching methodology was used for the students in the experimental group. The results of the experiment showed that the students' ability to solve transcendental equations and inequalities has improved significantly. The average student score increased from 44 to 76 on the final test, demonstrating the effectiveness of the new methodology. In addition, student attendance, interest in the subject, and creative abilities have increased. The methodology presented in the article enables students to improve their mathematical literacy, become more interested in the subject, and enhance the effectiveness of the educational process. The results of this study will serve as a basis for developing proposals to improve the teaching methods of transcendental equations and inequalities in the education system of Kazakhstan.

The article examines the methodological foundations for developing professional communicative competence in future teachers within a linguacultural educational environment. The relevance of integrating competency-based, cultural, and learner-centered approaches in teacher training is substantiated. The purpose of the article is to scientifically substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of developing the professional and communicative competence of future philology teachers within a linguo-cultural educational environment using specialized teaching materials. Practical tools for competence formation are identified, including the use of linguacultural educational materials. It is noted that such an environment promotes intercultural interaction skills, professional reflection, and communicative flexibility. The findings can be applied in the design of educational programs and methodological resources for pedagogical universities. The article presents an experimental study on the formation of professional communicative competence in students of philological specializations, enrolled in the discipline "Russian Language" and the educational program "Teacher of Russian Language and Literature in Schools with Russian and Non-Russian Languages of Instruction" at Kh. Dosmukhamedov Atyrau University. The methodological foundation of the study is a competency-based approach, adapted to incorporate linguacultural content. The research involved 160 undergraduate students. In the experimental group, a statistically significant increase was observed in the levels of professional communicative and linguacultural competence components. The proposed methodology, which includes a linguacultural-focused teaching manual, demonstrated its effectiveness in university-level teacher training for future philologists.

The article explores issues in the spiritual and moral development and education of student youth. Increased attention to this problem is because the tasks of forming the individual's cultural, intellectual, spiritual, moral, and patriotic identity are acquiring particular significance. The key aspect is that, in the process of raising and developing a person, it is necessary to instil moral and national values and foster a readiness to realise universal ideals and serve the people and the Motherland. The significance of these aspects lies in understanding the meaning of life and achieving moral perfection.

Strengthening spiritual and moral ideals in real life fosters a harmonious society. Socio-cultural changes have a multifaceted impact on the student environment, which, of course, affects its moral development. The decline of morality in modern society and the diminishing role of family and school in the development of moral values exacerbate the problem of spiritual growth. Young people, susceptible to the influence of their social environment, often have an incorrect or incomplete understanding of concepts such as honour, duty, kindness, mercy, justice, and patriotism. The deterioration of moral and ethical standards among students, as well as the decline in cultural, spiritual, and national values, are among the problems we are researching.

Creating a strong spiritual and moral foundation for individuals is an important guideline for strengthening society's stability. The "Adal Azamat" program aims to strengthen moral principles in society and cultivate just and honest people with high spiritual and moral qualities, thereby improving the country's well-being.

The development of life values and the spiritual growth of students are topics of close attention for researchers in the field of psychological and pedagogical science, where the importance of a comprehensive study of the processes of moral and spiritual education is particularly emphasised.

This article analyzes the relationship between students' emotional stability and their academic performance. The purpose of the article is to empirically investigate the relationship between the level of emotional instability (neuroticism) and the academic performance of students—future primary school teachers—and to substantiate the importance of psychological well-being for the quality of professional teacher training. The study showed that a high level of neuroticism negatively affects student academic performance. The study surveyed future primary school teachers and analysed data from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. A weak negative correlation was found between neuroticism and the average score, but statistically significant was limited. The study found that emotional stability plays an important role in students' psychological well-being and academic achievement. The article provides recommendations to increase students' emotional stability and discusses the importance of this property in improving the quality of education. The research results are considered as a scientific and practical basis for improving the professional and personal development of future pedagogical specialists. The study used version 29 of IBM SPSS Statistics for data analysis and processing. The program has created conditions for using various methods and tests that align with the study's objectives and enable reliable statistical conclusions. KolmogorovSmirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were performed to determine whether the data were consistent with the distribution. The Spearman rank correlation was calculated to assess the relationship between the variables, as the data did not follow a normal distribution. The reliability of Eysenck's survey scales was assessed using the a Cronbach's exponent. Descriptive statistics allowed us to determine the average, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values of the main variables. These methods contributed to a deeper study of the personal and academic characteristics of the study participants. The methods used ensured the accuracy and reliability of the analysis and served as the basis for the results obtained.

The present study addresses one of the key issues in the modern education system — the development of students' research competence. The literature review section reveals the essence of research competence, its structural components, and its role in the educational process.

The study aims to identify ways to develop students' research competence in grades 7–9 through the effective organisation of research-based learning activities in biology lessons. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were set: the development and testing of research-oriented assignments for biology lessons; the selection and application of teaching methods and techniques that foster research competence; and the modelling of lessons and their practical implementation.

The study found that organizing students’ research activities using methods such as observation, identification and recognition of natural objects, description, experimentation, and hypothesis formulation increases their cognitive activity and promotes the development of research skills. The results of practical work showed that the systematic use of research-based assignments and practical methods in biology lessons significantly enhances students’ research competence. Particular effectiveness was noted in the integrated use of verbal, visual, and practical teaching methods. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and provide recommendations for further improvement of the process of developing students’ research competence.

This study examines the professional orientation of schoolchildren, their professional self-determination, and the effectiveness of early career guidance in shaping their future career plans. The main aim is to assess the impact of early career guidance on the development of high school students’ individual professional interests, abilities, and competencies.

A comprehensive integrative approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Quantitative diagnostics employed the “Proforientator” program to assess students’ professional interests and abilities. Qualitative methods included individual consultations, in-depth interviews, focus groups, soft skills training (emotional intelligence, time management), master classes, and excursions to local enterprises. Data analysis was conducted using an automated diagnostic system. The study revealed the multidimensional nature of students’ interests and abilities, with variations across age groups. The highest interests were observed in Technology, Information Technology, Business, and Science. Practical activities enhanced students’ self-awareness, goal-setting, and decision-making skills, thereby improving their professional self-determination.

The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of a systematic and comprehensive approach to career guidance for schoolchildren. The proposed methodology supports students in adapting educational programs to their needs, fostering motivation for professional development, and preparing them to make conscious career choices.

The article examines the development of creative thinking in preschool children through divergent tasks. This problem is one of the most urgent in psychological and pedagogical science. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the effectiveness of using divergent tasks as a tool for developing creative thinking in preschool children and to provide practical recommendations for their integration into the psycho-pedagogical process. The dynamic changes taking place in society increase the demands on the intellectual development of the younger generation every day. Today, specialists are in demand who not only possess deep professional knowledge but also demonstrate flexible thinking and a creative approach to problem-solving. A university graduate will have these indicators if he is taught to think creatively from early childhood. Hence, the relevance of developing creative thinking in preschoolers is beyond doubt. The novelty of our research lies in the use of divergent tasks to develop creative thinking, accessible to preschool children's understanding and perception. The article provides examples of divergent tasks in teaching children that, in practice, have proven effective in developing creative thinking in preschool children. The purposeful and systematic use of divergent tasks in working with preschool children and in encouraging toddlers to express creative ideas stimulates the development of their creative thinking. The conducted research contributes to replenishing the piggy bank of psychological and pedagogical ideas, and educational psychologists and educators can use the divergent tasks proposed by the authors in practice.

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cooperative forms of farming in livestock production in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The analysis is based on official statistical data for 2022–2024, as well as a review of contemporary scientific literature and regulatory documents. The methodological framework includes statistical– economic analysis, comparative assessment, and the examination of qualitative factors influencing cooperative development. The results demonstrate that, despite a slight increase in the number of agricultural cooperatives and their output in recent years, the overall level of cooperation in Kazakhstan remains extremely low — only about 2% of farms participate in cooperatives. The contribution of cooperatives to total livestock production is also limited, accounting for approximately 1–2% of national output. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the current state and efficiency of agricultural cooperation in the livestock sector of Kazakhstan, identify key barriers to its development, and substantiate the role of digital technologies in increasing the productivity of cooperative farming models to develop recommendations for improving government support measures. The study identifies key barriers to cooperative development, including low trust among farmers, insufficient awareness of cooperation principles, weak managerial capacity, and high dependence of agribusiness on state subsidies. At the same time, the findings highlight the organisational and economic advantages of cooperation — shared use of resources, reduced production costs, and expanded market access — as well as the growing potential of digital technologies such as electronic microcredit platforms, land-monitoring systems, and online marketplaces. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen cooperation in livestock production in Kazakhstan, including improving the effectiveness of state support, providing farmers with training and advisory services, developing rural digital infrastructure, and encouraging cooperatives to adopt innovative and sustainable practices.

This article examines the role of financial support and investment in achieving sustainable economic development in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to identify structural imbalances and factors hindering productivity growth based on a comprehensive analysis of investment processes and financial infrastructure trends in Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2023, and to substantiate strategic investment priorities in agriculture, innovation, and "green" finance to ensure the country's sustainable economic development. Using statistical data and policy documents, a descriptive and comparative analysis of trends over the period 2000–2023 was conducted, revealing a structural imbalance in investment toward the extractive sector. Factor analysis also allowed for the classification of internal and external determinants of productivity. The study identifies key internal and external factors influencing productivity, including financial infrastructure, technological modernization, human capital, and governance quality. Particular attention is given to inefficiencies in agricultural fixed capital investments and the limited participation of commercial banks in long-term lending. The findings reveal that insufficient coordination of investment policy, depreciation of fixed assets, and weak institutional support constrain productivity growth, thereby slowing sustainable development. The paper argues that targeted investment in agriculture, innovation, and green finance, combined with stronger institutional frameworks, can mitigate external shocks, increase productivity, and support balanced economic growth in Kazakhstan.

Because it is a crucial indicator of investment risk and can signal potential price swings, share volatility is vital. Larger volatility suggests a larger chance of both significant gains and large losses. Because investors utilise it to find trading opportunities and match their assets with their risk tolerance, it is essential for making well-informed decisions, pricing alternatives, and building portfolios. The primary purpose of the article. Forecasting and assessing the volatility of stocks in the securities market of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Research methodology. The article systematically analysed and synthesised scientific information. Analysing various methods in the research of foreign scientists, a generalised autoregressive heteroskedasticity model was used, which assumes that the current variability of the dispersion is influenced by both previous changes in indicators and prior estimates of the dispersion (GARCH model). Research features / value. This article attempts to assess the riskiness of stocks in the securities market of the Republic of Kazakhstan by reviewing existing theories and empirical studies. Research results. A comparison of the risks associated with HSBK, KZTK, and KZTO stocks reveals that an investor should focus primarily on a stock's risk. To do this, you need to identify the stock's high- and low-volatility periods, as well as the distribution of daily price fluctuations. GARCH model results indicate that KZTK stock has a higher risk than other stocks. Empirical research has shown that these financial instruments alternate between periods of high and low volatility. A financial instrument's risk will be overestimated during a period of low volatility by the first data points from an exceptionally high volatility period.

The article examines the state planning system, including its principles and key participants. Special attention is paid to indicative planning, which, despite its recommendatory nature, is an effective tool for coordinating efforts and achieving national goals. The purpose of this article is to analyse the oversight process for strategic programs in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to develop proposals for its improvement. To achieve this goal, the following scientific methods were used in the study: system analysis, which allowed us to consider state planning as a complex system; problem-oriented analysis, which allowed us to identify the main shortcomings in the implementation of the program; descriptive method, which was used to present in detail the process of hierarchical control.; the synthesis method, based on which proposals for its improvement were developed. The authors consider factors influencing the effectiveness of government programs, including the quality of development, resource allocation, and coordination. Using the example of the National Development Plan until 2029, the article describes in detail a multi-stage monitoring process involving cooperation between various government departments. Based on the identified problems, such as unbalanced goals and insufficient coordination, improvement measures are proposed, including digitising processes and leveraging big data analysis and artificial intelligence. Implementing these proposals will make monitoring more effective and transparent, ultimately improving the quality of management decisions.

The article examines the economic impact of digital nomads. The purpose of the study was to identify the positive and negative consequences of the presence of digital nomads on the local economies of host regions. The methodological basis of the research was the mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative data analysis, as well as the study of the experience of the most popular destinations for digital nomads — Indonesia, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand and Estonia. Indicators of employment, the price level, the state of infrastructure, and the dynamics of small and medium businesses were considered. The results show that digital nomads are becoming an essential factor in local economic growth. They contribute to increased income in sectors such as rental housing, public catering, co-working, and related services, stimulating entrepreneurship and employment among residents. At the same time, negative consequences emerged: rising real estate and rent prices, an additional burden on transport and communal services, and increased social segregation between residents and foreign specialists. Based on the analysis, recommendations for a balanced policy to attract and regulate digital nomads are provided. Such a policy should aim to maximise the region's economic benefits while minimising social risks.

In conditions of increasing financial and economic pressure and instability of business environment the problem of ensuring economic security and instability of business environment the problem of ensuring economic security of business entities acquires special urgency. Most significantly, these issues arise in the construction sector, an activity associated with high risks, long investment cycles, and significant exposure to external economic fluctuations.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the necessity of expanding the accounting and analytical framework for the economic security of construction companies by incorporating innovative accounting objects (human capital, cyber threats, environmental and reputational risks) and to reveal their role in developing mechanisms for threat prevention amid the high instability of the construction sector. The article provides a generalised definition of economic security for construction companies, formulates its goals and objectives from the perspective of the system approach to enterprise management. Special attention is paid to the role of accounting and analytical information in the enterprise's economic security system and its functional purpose. The necessity of expanding the accounting and analytical information by including new accounting objects, such as human capital, cyber threats, environmental and reputational risks, and innovation potential, which have a significant impact on the sustainability of construction enterprises, is substantiated. The role of innovative accounting objects in the process of development and implementation of mechanisms for preventing and responding to threats to economic security has been studied. A comparative analysis of traditional and modern accounting categories has been carried out, the degree of influence of the latter on the economic sustainability of construction companies has been considered. The study aims to deepen understanding of the need to consider new factors in the context of economic security for construction companies.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among knowledge-oriented leadership, knowledge management capability, the social responsibility of educational institutions, and social entrepreneurship in the context of colleges in the Kostanay region. The relevance of the work lies in the need to understand the mechanisms by which leadership in the educational sphere can contribute to the development of socially oriented activities. A quantitative deductive approach was applied in the study. To test the hypotheses and analyse the multidimensional relationships among the variables, structural equation modelling using partial least squares (PLS-SEM) was employed, based on data collected from teachers in educational institutions. The results confirm that knowledge-oriented leadership positively influences knowledge management capability, social responsibility, and organisations' social entrepreneurship. It was found that knowledge management capability and the social responsibility of educational institutions are important predictors of social entrepreneurship, confirming their key role in shaping a socially oriented approach. Mediation analysis showed that knowledge management capability and social responsibility mediate the relationship between leadership and social entrepreneurship. These findings have theoretical and practical significance, providing recommendations for leaders of educational institutions seeking to develop social entrepreneurship.

The article examines the economic potential of nuclear tourism at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, a new and still underexplored form of tourism. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of demand and economic efficiency by estimating revenues using data from the Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan, the National Nuclear Center, the Mayak Hotel and private guides. It employs statistical, descriptive, quantitative and qualitative analysis, field research, expert interviews and sociological surveys. The results show that, from 2022 through the first half of 2025, nuclear tourism demonstrates stable demand and substantial notional income, while facing infrastructure constraints (an obsolete hotel stock, a lack of a dedicated STS museum) and a high share of informal services. Surveys of respondents from Kazakhstan and Russia confirm their interest in visiting the STS and the high attractiveness of nuclear tourism. The authors formulate recommendations on creating a registry of tourist sites, expanding hotel capacity, establishing an STS Museum and introducing regulatory frameworks for atomic tourism.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a vital component of the national economy. They contribute to the country’s innovative development, ensure the supply of essential goods and services to the market, and enhance the economic system's flexibility and stability. Financial support for SMEs is a key factor for their sustainable growth. Such support ensures access to working capital, investments, and innovations, which, in turn, fosters the creation of new jobs, GDP growth, economic diversification, and increased export potential. The purpose of the article is to conduct a statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of financial support programs for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing industry of Kazakhstan, to study the mechanisms of their implementation, and to develop recommendations for improving entrepreneurs' access to financial instruments. This article examines the current state and activity of the entrepreneurial sector in Kazakhstan, as well as the role and share of SMEs in the country’s economic development. It analyzes the content and implementation mechanisms of financial support programs targeting SMEs in the Republic of Kazakhstan's manufacturing sector, along with their outcomes based on statistical data. A comparative analysis of the features and advantages of each program is presented. The study also explores the involvement of second-tier banks in financing SMEs and the operational mechanism of the entrepreneurship support program funded by the National Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the manufacturing sector.

The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for further improving state support measures for SMEs in Kazakhstan’s manufacturing sector, based on an analysis of existing support mechanisms.

Based on the research findings, specific applied recommendations were developed to improve entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments, including preferential bank loans and the guarantee provided by the «Damu» Fund, and to reduce the barriers and obstacles to obtaining these instruments.

The article examines mechanisms for implementing public-private partnerships (PPPs) in higher and postgraduate education in Kazakhstan. In the context of modernizing the educational system and increasing its competitiveness, PPP is considered an effective tool for attracting private investment, developing infrastructure, and improving the quality of training. The paper analyzes the main models of interaction between universities and businesses, including joint construction of infrastructure facilities, industrial departments, dual education, research centers, and scholarship programs. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state, problems, and prospects of implementing public-private partnerships in the system of higher and postgraduate education in Kazakhstan.

Based on statistical data for 2019-2024, a correlation and regression analysis of the impact of key PPP factors on graduates' employment rates was conducted. The analysis showed a strong positive correlation between the development of PPP and employment growth among young professionals. The paper proposes indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of partner projects and the concept of a National PPP Index in Education. Promising areas for further development include scaling dual education, digitalization, regional expansion of projects, and the development of KPIs. The research has applied significance for government agencies, universities, and investors.

The article examines current project management practices as a tool for improving the efficiency of public administration in implementing projects to address socio-economic problems. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current project management system in the public sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research used comparative analysis and case analysis to assess international experience, content analysis to study legislation regulating project activities in domestic practice, and SWOT analysis to identify the strengths and weaknesses of project management within government structures. The article focuses on the analysis of regulatory legal acts and the institutional and organizational aspects of implementing the project approach in the activities of government agencies. Based on the analysis, the key problems of project management implementation have been identified, including insufficient staff training, limited digital tools, and poor coordination between departments. Taking into account international experience, recommendations are proposed to improve the current system: the development of project offices, the introduction of uniform standards, and the increased transparency and digitalization of processes. The results of the study will enable the development of recommendations to improve the functioning of the project management model in the public sector of Kazakhstan and to ensure compliance with international project management standards. The results obtained can be used to develop state policy in project management.

Corruption remains one of the most critical challenges hindering socio-economic development worldwide. Its effects are complex and far-reaching, weakening state institutions, eroding public trust, distorting resource allocation, and exacerbating social inequality. This phenomenon negatively impacts both individual quality of life and the broader trajectory of national development.

The socio-economic consequences of corruption manifest at multiple levels. At the micro-level, it contributes to increased poverty and inequality, as well as the deterioration of essential public services such as healthcare and education. At the macro level, corruption undermines national competitiveness, reduces foreign and domestic investment, impedes innovation, and leads to the inefficient use of public funds.

This study examines the multifaceted impact of corruption on society and the economy, with a particular focus on the Republic of Kazakhstan. Despite ongoing reforms and modernization efforts, corruption remains a serious obstacle to strengthening institutions, improving governance, and achieving sustainable economic growth. The legacy of the Soviet administrative system and the complexities of transitioning to a market economy have created structural conditions that facilitate corrupt practices. These issues are common across post-Soviet states, but they are particularly evident in Kazakhstan.

In the Kazakhstani context, corruption hampers infrastructure development, diminishes the quality of public services, and reinforces social stratification. As a result, public confidence in government institutions is weakened, while long-term development prospects are curtailed. The inefficient allocation of state resources, limited innovation, and declining investment attractiveness collectively contribute to stagnation in living standards and reduced social mobility.

This research aims to analyze the socio-economic implications of corruption in Kazakhstan, identify key drivers behind its persistence, and assess its broader effects on national progress. The findings are intended to inform future anticorruption strategies and support the development of more transparent and accountable governance.

Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) has evolved as a fundamental strategic approach that ensures brand consistency across multiple promotional channels. Over the past two decades, IMC has expanded from a tactical coordination of marketing tools to a comprehensive framework aligned with brand equity development. Among the key dimensions of brand equity, brand loyalty has received significant attention due to its impact on consumer commitment and long-term business success. However, the academic discourse on the relationship between IMC and brand loyalty remains fragmented, lacking a systematic understanding of how IMC fosters consumer loyalty. To address this gap, this study employs a bibliometric analysis of 20 years of research (2005–2024) from the Scopus database. The analysis identifies key trends, influential authors, thematic clusters, and research networks that shape the IMC-brand loyalty domain. The findings highlight the growing intersection of IMC and brand equity, particularly through digital integration, message consistency, consumer engagement, and strategic branding. This study contributes to the literature by offering a structured mapping of the IMC-brand loyalty landscape, providing insights for both scholars and practitioners to refine IMC strategies for enhanced brand equity outcomes.

The transformation of project management approaches in the oil and gas industry is becoming increasingly crucial amid digitalization and the global transition to sustainable energy. This article examines the role of Agile and Waterfall methodologies in managing IT projects within Kazakhstan’s oil and gas sector. The purpose of the article is to analyze the application of Agile and Waterfall methodologies in the management of IT projects in the oil and gas sector of Kazakhstan, to identify their advantages and limitations in the context of digitalization and to substantiate the feasibility of implementing adapted hybrid project management models. The study is based on a comprehensive literature review, which enabled the identification of theoretical foundations, practical applications, and limitations of both methodologies, as well as their potential for integration in the local context. The research methodology is grounded in content analysis, comparative evaluation, and synthesis of international and Kazakhstani sources, allowing for a balanced consideration of global best practices and regional specificities. The findings demonstrate that Agile methodologies provide flexibility, iterative value delivery, and enhanced collaboration, while Waterfall ensures compliance, predictability, and accountability. Despite Waterfall's dominance in Kazakhstan due to regulatory and organizational traditions, the gradual introduction of hybrid models offers new opportunities to improve project outcomes. The article concludes that a tailored hybrid framework could play a pivotal role in supporting Kazakhstan’s digital transformation in the energy sector while ensuring compliance with international and national standards.

This article examines the role of social entrepreneurship as an innovative force in the region's development. While the development of socio-economic relations is determined by the fact that they reflect the market mechanism for solving important social problems, a clear manifestation of these problems are inequality in the quality of life of various groups of the population, unemployment, insufficient production of socially significant goods and services, the slowdown in the development of the socio-economic system and its complexity, the relevance that arose in connection with the current situation. Solving this problem requires actively developing social entrepreneurship in the country. After all, the development of this entrepreneurship will not only help to involve weakly protected social groups in business through expanding the boundaries of effective demand, but will also allow the creation of new objects of economic innovation infrastructure. It is known that increasing the activity of innovative processes in the social sphere, in turn, improves society's welfare, serves as a catalyst for social entrepreneurs, and allows them to establish social balance. The role of the state as an initiator of social entrepreneurs in the implementation of innovative activities is determined, and this article examines the normative legal acts serving as legislative support for creating a favourable social atmosphere for the population.

At the same time, by focusing on social projects implemented within the framework of social entrepreneurship, it will be determined that supporting these projects stimulates social entrepreneurship, increases its business value, and produces a positive social effect. As you know, measures to support social entrepreneurship are also being implemented in our country. One example is the social project "Zharlyka", implemented in the Atyrau region, which is discussed in this article and whose innovative role in the region's economic development is determined.

Rail transport is an essential component of the global transport system and plays a special role in cargo transportation. In foreign practice, the effectiveness of railway freight transportation is based on high-tech solutions and digitized logistics processes. In this study, the main features of the organization of rail freight services across different countries are considered, in particular, the experience of leading transport powers such as the United States, the EU countries, China, and Azerbaijan is analyzed. In these countries, special attention is paid to factors such as the management of railway infrastructure, the coordination of cargo flows, tariff policy, and the integration of multimodal transportation. In addition, the roles of cargo transportation planning, real-time monitoring systems, and automated control tools are revealed through digital platforms. Studying these features will enable the development of practical proposals to improve the railway freight transportation system in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of rail freight transportation systems in foreign countries and to analyze the possibilities of adapting their effective practices to the railway industry in Kazakhstan. Based on an analysis of foreign experience, the need to develop proposals to improve rail freight transportation in Kazakhstan has been identified. The introduction of digital logistics and automated management systems will increase the competitiveness of the national transport industry. The results of the study can serve as the basis for improving the efficiency of the transportation process by adapting foreign experience to the national transport industry.

NATO’s non-military strategies encompass a range of approaches to address security challenges without direct military intervention. These strategies aim to enhance cooperation with neutral states and transform them from security consumers to providers, strengthening regional stability. Integrating military and non-military forces against hybrid threats is also crucial, underscoring the necessity for a comprehensive approach that encompasses political, economic, and social dimensions. In this context, the Strategic Concepts introduced by NATO in 2010 and 2022 outlined various non-military approaches to combat challenges such as terrorism, cyber threats, and energy security. This shift highlights the need for a more comprehensive strategy that extends beyond traditional military methodologies. It acknowledges the growing importance of non-military tactics within the alliance’s framework in addressing contemporary security concerns. NATO’s dynamic, evolving strategy integrates a range of non-military tactics that prioritise governance, political cohesion, and technological advances to address modern security threats effectively. Instead of relying solely on top-down directives, the emphasis is on bottom-up strategies that involve grassroots-level participation in legitimate decision-making processes. This inclusive methodology is evident in NATO’s strategic approaches, which encompass non-military measures to reduce conflicts and establish sustainable governance frameworks. Beyond traditional military constraints, NATO actively supports key diplomatic, political, economic, and technological initiatives to holistically address regional stability, security, and energy security threats. The purpose of the article is to analyze the evolution of NATO's non-military strategies based on a comparative analysis of the 2010 and 2022 Strategic Concepts, and to identify the effectiveness of an integrated "bottom-up" approach in countering hybrid threats, terrorism, and energy security challenges.

This article examines the legal function of freedom of speech in nomadic Kazakh society, where oral discourse played a central role in dispute resolution and social regulation. In the absence of written legislation, customary law and oral traditions formed the foundation of the legal system. The spoken word functioned not only as a means of communication but also as a legally recognised regulatory tool.

The institution of biys (traditional judges), known for their eloquence and moral authority, resolved conflicts through persuasion and justice rather than coercion. Public assemblies reflected democratic principles, with freedom of speech ensuring openness, equality of voices, and collective decision-making.

The study also highlights the legal significance of the principle of sozge toqtau (yielding to the word), a customary mechanism for achieving reconciliation and mutual understanding. The boys were the primary enforcers of this practice, which promoted peace and social cohesion. By analysing historical sources and oral practices, the article concludes that freedom of speech in Kazakh society served both cultural and legal functions, contributing to the development of national legal consciousness and the preservation of intangible cultural heritage. The purpose of the article is to reveal the legal and regulatory functions of freedom of speech in traditional Kazakh society, to analyze the institute of biys as a mechanism for pre-trial dispute resolution through the art of eloquence, and to substantiate the legal significance of the "sozge toktau" (conceding to a just word) principle within the system of Kazakh customary law.

Protecting the rights of women and children is more relevant than ever and requires special attention from all members of society. The scientific article, carried out by the authors, examines the issues of research on violent crimes in modern society, including those against women and children, and therefore raises questions about the penalties applied in these matters. At the same time, these concepts are used in criminal law legislation, the results of which protect a woman, a pregnant woman, from encroachments on the rights of persons, both in the process of involving persons with mental disorders in the commission of criminal offenses, and in the process of involving persons with mental disorders in the commission of criminal offenses.

The main purpose of the research article is to identify and improve measures to prevent violent crimes against women and children. As a result of the study, the personal portraits and victimological remarks of criminals (offenders) in the commission of violent crimes against women and children were studied, the causes and conditions of crimes were identified by revealing the characteristics of victims of these crimes, a set of ongoing preventive measures in the course of Domestic and foreign practice.

This paper examines approaches to countering domestic violence in several foreign countries that are parties to the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (the Istanbul Convention). Domestic violence remains an urgent and widespread problem affecting almost all countries, regardless of nationality, social status, level of education, or professional activity. Consequently, states employ a variety of legal and non-legal mechanisms aimed at effectively reducing the incidence of domestic violence. The purpose of the article is to analyse foreign experience in preventing domestic violence in Istanbul Convention member states, assess the effectiveness of legal, preventive, and rehabilitative measures for protecting victims, and substantiate proposals for improving the domestic violence prevention system in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study examines the criminal legislation of European countries, including sanctions for offences committed in domestic settings. Particular attention is given to the institution of protective orders, their types, and mechanisms of implementation. The paper highlights the effectiveness of modern technologies in enhancing victim protection and considers rehabilitation programmes and preventive measures designed to ensure family safety through coordinated intervention by the state and society. Based on successful European practices, the authors propose a set of measures aimed at strengthening Kazakhstan’s system of domestic violence prevention. Additionally, the study emphasises the importance of increasing legal awareness among the population through social networks and other mass media as a key factor in improving the effectiveness of antiviolence policies. The authors also propose the legislative establishment of the right to collect information relevant to future cohabitation about a prospective partner in order to form a comprehensive understanding of the individual. According to the authors, this measure may help partially prevent the negative consequences of domestic violence in marital and family life.

The article is devoted to the study of the human right to water in the context of international documents and its implementation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author analyses key international instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), and UN Resolution 64/292 (2010), emphasising their importance in consolidating the right to water as a fundamental human right.Special attention is paid to the problems of water supply in Kazakhstan, including water scarcity, pollution of water bodies, inefficient management and cross-border disputes.

The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of international legal standards regarding the human right to water and to investigate the mechanisms for their implementation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, identifying key challenges (resource scarcity, transboundary disputes) and substantiating recommendations for improving water policy based on global best practices. The article suggests measures to improve the situation, such as strengthening the legal framework, developing international cooperation with neighboring countries (Russia, China, Uzbekistan), introducing modern technologies for water purification and reuse, as well as raising public awareness of the importance of water conservation. The author also examines the successful experience of countries such as Finland and Singapore in water resources management, suggesting adapting their approaches for Kazakhstan.

The results of the study emphasize the need for an integrated approach to solving water problems, including legal, technological and educational measures. The article may be helpful to specialists in environmental law and natural resource management, as well as to government agencies dealing with water policy issues.

The study analyses pension provision systems for citizens of the CIS integration association and the prospects for their legal regulation. The article aims to conduct a comparative legal analysis of pension provision mechanisms in the CIS countries, determine the role of international treaties of the Republic of Kazakhstan in protecting the rights of older persons, and substantiate the need to improve private pension insurance systems to ensure a decent standard of living amid demographic and economic challenges.

The research examines key regulatory documents governing pension provision for CIS citizens, including international bilateral treaties concluded by the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ensuring a guaranteed income in old age is identified as one of the core objectives of social security, reflecting the close interconnection between individual responsibility and social protection law. Achieving this objective requires reliable mechanisms that provide systematic protection for older people against social and economic vulnerability.

Some individuals independently create protective mechanisms through personal savings, including home ownership, while in other cases support is traditionally provided through family-based arrangements passed down across generations. However, even during working age, reliance on such mechanisms is often accompanied by persistent distrust in income security, particularly in developing countries. Informal economic structures and weak institutional linkages remain significant barriers, limiting the ability of most individuals to achieve financial self-sufficiency in old age. As a result, comprehensive social protection systems continue to play a decisive role in ensuring income security for older persons.

The application of a dialectical method of analysis and the study of foreign experience allow for a comprehensive understanding of pension systems and facilitate the identification of directions for the further development and improvement of non-state pension funds in Kazakhstan. Guaranteed income in old age is therefore a key factor in achieving the objectives of the global community within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals and contributes to fulfilling the fundamental obligation to ensure a decent standard of living for all members of society, including older persons.

This scientific study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of prosecutorial supervision in the investigation of criminal offenses in the field of information technology — one of the most pressing issues in the modern legal system. The purpose of the article is to determine the scientific foundations for improving prosecutorial oversight mechanisms in the digital era and to develop proposals aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of criminal proceedings. The research employed a set of general scientific and special legal methods, including system analysis, comparative-legal, historical-legal, statistical, and modeling approaches. The author’s findings and conclusions are based on a comprehensive scientific study of the current criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the legal regulation practices of Germany, Japan, China, Spain, and the United States. As a result of the study, the role and boundaries of prosecutorial supervision in the investigation of criminal offenses in the field of information technology were clarified, and the necessity of implementing international standards for handling digital evidence based on the “chain of custody” principle was substantiated. The importance of improving KYC/AML requirements for cryptocurrencies and other digital assets, as well as strengthening interagency cooperation in investigating such crimes, was emphasized. The research findings aim to improve law enforcement agency performance, harmonize national information security legislation with international standards, and shape a new format for prosecutorial supervision in the investigation of criminal offenses in the field of information technology.

Contemporary shifts in global and national security frameworks underscore the pressing need to reevaluate legal mechanisms governing perimeter security. Despite the integration of intelligent surveillance technologies in the Republic of Kazakhstan, a unified and systematic legal framework remains absent. This gap manifests in terminological ambiguity, regulatory fragmentation, overlapping institutional responsibilities, and underdeveloped evidentiary mechanisms. The objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive legal assessment of Kazakhstan's perimeter security legislation and to propose a reform-oriented legal model grounded in risk-based categorization, drawing on international best practices. The study employs a multidisciplinary methodology that includes formal legal analysis, comparative legal research, statistical evaluation, and content analysis. The empirical base consists of official law enforcement statistics, judicial rulings, regulatory acts, and data from pilot security projects. The findings reveal that perimeter security has not yet been conceptualized as an independent legal institution within the national framework. Technical surveillance tools lack recognized evidentiary status, and there is no structured legal stratification based on threat levels. The study thus advocates for the development of a multi-tiered legal model, the formal recognition of technological evidence, and the delineation of institutional competences. These conclusions offer theoretically grounded, practically relevant recommendations to modernize national legislation, enhance law enforcement institutions' procedural capacity, and foster the integration of advanced security technologies into the legal domain.

The article discusses the current problems and prospects for the development of legal regulation of investment of pension assets in the national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. One of the main institutions of the pension system, the Unified Accumulative Pension Fund (UAPF), plays an important role in ensuring the country's economic financial stability and in the formation of long–term investment resources. However, the issues of effective management of pension assets and the legal regulation of their investment areas remain relevant.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of national legislation on pension asset investment and identify areas for improving legal mechanisms. The article analyzes the legal basis for the placement of pension assets, the structure of the investment portfolio, the risk management system and regulations governing the activities of the UAPF. In addition, based on international experience, the possibilities of stimulating economic growth by allocating pension assets to priority sectors of the national economy are being considered.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that, in modern conditions, as the volume of pension savings increases annually, their effective investment becomes a decisive factor in diversifying the economy and developing the financial market. In this sense, clarity, openness, and the effectiveness of legal regulatory mechanisms are the most important conditions for ensuring the state's social and economic stability.

The article's results propose improvements to the legal framework for investing pension assets, reducing risks, and increasing financial transparency. Thus, the study's results will contribute to the sustainable development of Kazakhstan's pension system and to the long-term growth of the national economy.

Children with complex destinies, such as orphans, children with developmental features,or children from orphanages, often face problems of delinquency. This makes it difficult for them to adapt and integrate into society. Also, the study of factors affecting the phenomenon reveals individual and social causes. The lack of family support, the unfavorable social environment, and the lack of resources and programs for children with a brutal fate are the main factors contributing to the delinquency of this category of children. Effective measures aimed at preventing delinquencies among children with difficult destinies include social support , access to quality educational programs , assistance in providing housing and employment for their parents or guardians. Specialized rehabilitation and social adaptation programs help children overcome difficulties and gain a stable position in society. Emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing the problems of delinquency among children with complex destinies, this annotation draws attention to the need for joint efforts by all participants in society and the state to create conditions that support the successful adaptation and well-being of children in this vulnerable category. The purpose of the article is to identify key individual and social factors contributing to delinquency among children with difficult backgrounds (orphans, children with special needs) and, based on an analysis of rehabilitation practices, to substantiate a system of comprehensive social support and prevention measures for their successful integration into society.