The Turkish-Soviet friendship, which began with the Turkish War of Independence, continued with the proclamation of the republic and secured by the 1925 Treaty of Friendship, continued in accordance with mutual interests until the mid-1930s. But since the early 1930s, the two countries' priorities have also changed in parallel with changing global conditions. In particular, during the period that began with the signing of the Montreux Straits Convention in 1936 and continued with World War II, relations between the two countries deteriorated and there was a kind of return to traditional Turkish-Russian politics. After the war, with a desire for regime change in the Montreux Straits, with Soviet notes demanding the establishment of bases in the Straits, relations reached an impasse, and until the 1960s, the element that guided Turkey's foreign policy and reflected its domestic policy was "Soviet" fear, in other words, fear of communism. This fear led to the fact that even the word "left" was perceived as a threat, and publications supporting this ideology, especially the press, were banned. In the 1940s and 1950s, the country made many decisions to ban the collection and publication of books, calendars and various types of printed texts in connection with communist propaganda. This study, prepared on the basis of fundamental scientific research and scientific articles, aims to identify the forms of economic relations and their results in parallel with the political relations of Turkey with the USSR in the 1940-1960s.

In the article, the microhistory of Sairam district is recognized from a new angle, taking as an example. At the same time, an overview of the development of the direction of microhistory is given, giving an understanding of the concept of microhistory. In this context, the views of Italian scientists K. Poni, E. Grandi, J. Levy on the formation of microhistory were analyzed. Researchers of Kazakhstan Abdrakhmanova K.K., Bisembayeva L.A. and other collective studies are reviewed by the method of microhistory. In the course of the article, a general description of Sairam's life at the beginning of the last century was given. In this context, the researches of historian-professor S. Zholdasov were put forward. Famous scientist J. Levi's questions from his sources, starting from demographic indicators, family structures and relations, land-related operations, the demographic situation and population composition, tribal composition, land-related relations in Sairam district were comparatively noted. Due to the lack of tax standards in the land tax policy of the Soviet government in Sairam, there was a mass protest of small people, that is, peasants. As a result, riots and even rampage took place. In the article, as an archival source, the information of the Turkestan department of the "Imperial Russian-Geographical Society" about the population list and composition of the population of Shymkent uyezd in 1922 is given. Opinions were also raised about the names of Karabulak and Mankent settlements in Sairam district. Analyzes were also made on how the different ethnic groups who lived in these settlements tried to distinguish themselves and preserve their peculiarities. A comparative evaluation of the speech style of Karabulak and Mankent Uzbek ethnic groups compared to Tashkent Uzbeks and their sound phonemes is given.

The article highlights the works of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor A. Muktar on the history of the region. One of the most important tasks is to highlight the place and contribution of individual figures and outstanding personalities who have made new changes in the field of social sciences, and to give an appropriate assessment of their works. In this direction, it is clear that it is prestigious to conduct research by historians who conduct deep research into the history of our people and come to the following significant conclusions. A. Muktar formed his own historical school in the Atyrau region, conducted comprehensive research at the republican level, and did a lot of work to provide the historical and cultural museum-reserve “Saraichik” with qualified specialists. He heads comprehensive studies of the ancient capital of Kazakhstan, his works have been published in foreign and domestic scientific publications.

Studying the creativity and scientific works of A. Muktar, a famous person in the history of Kazakhstan, as a person means a deep consideration of the history of the region from a scientific point of view, a conclusion and scientific assessment of the “continuity of generations” in historical science.

Professional education and development involve not only learning extensive theoretical knowledge but also applying it through practical skills, especially those involving motor abilities that are crucial to the profession.

The current vocational education system integrates professional diagnostics most effectively when it incorporates methods from professionally oriented physical culture. This approach is key to developing the physical competence and readiness required for specialists to excel in their fields.

This study aims to establish comprehensive testing programs to evaluate the conditioning qualities that are important for the professional development of students as they train to become specialists. The methodology used for this study involves a professional analysis of the university's specialty training programs. This includes categorizing professions into standard groups based on the core subject matter and defining broad professional categories with common features. A detailed professional structure was outlined for each faculty, and specialties were categorized by profession type: “H-H”; “H-S”; “H-T”; “H-N”; “H-AR”. On the basis of analysis of special features and conditions of learned types professional activity were created their generalized profiles (professiograms) with highlighting a block of professionally important qualities, properties and functions. Subsequently, for each typical group of professions were selected motor test tasks to assess the level of professionally important formation for these quality professions.

Aitys is the artistic art of the Kazakh people. Aitys provides an opportunity to get acquainted with the appearance of society, to comprehensively recognize the appearance of that era. So the poets sing of the sorrows and joys of the people before the country.

The impact of aitys between poets on issues in upbringing was elevated in this article. All current circumstances present in society align with the topics expressed by poets through their eloquent expressions. Demanding requirements from poets is quite formidable. They are evaluated according to their possibilities to find social issues in a timely manner and expressing them with impactful and constructive ideas in eloquent words. Poems that are spontaneously sung by poets during aitys may elicit favor from the audience. Additionally, they forge a profound connection between the people and government, in this way they make government pay attention to social problems among people. The purpose of the article is to address the issue of upbringing in aitys. Its solution is illustrated through examples drawn from the achievements of prominent educators.

Works of our esteemed poets from the years of Independence are brought forth, clarified, and presented thoughtfully. Currently, the pedagogical significance of aitys is being critically examined and appraised.

This article provides an explanation of intra-school control as part of the management system of an educational institution. The pedagogical activity of any school is characterized by comprehension of the accumulated work experience, the search for new ideas, the achievement of a high level of pedagogical excellence in the organization of educational activities, the emergence and dissemination in the pedagogical, parental, and managerial environment. and a new understanding of the values of education, when education becomes a priority in the lives of the younger generation. And in every school, one of the real levers for such development is the apparatus of intra-school control. In-school observation should be motivated and stimulating, based on knowledge of the capabilities and interests of all participants in the educational process. On the one hand, its result is a qualitative improvement in relations within a certain group and between them, on the other hand, it contributes to the degree of professional growth and achievements of teachers and students.

During the analysis, such methodological methods as contextual explanatory, comparative, conceptual analysis, description, including observation, comparison and generalization were used. Based on the research, the author revealed the meaning of the concept of intra-school control in the field of education, identified the typical characteristics of “in-school control” in the modern domestic and foreign paradigm of scientific education, considered the important features of intra-school control in the pedagogical aspect, formulated the goals and forms of intra-school control as a management system of an educational institution , as well as methods, principles and steps.

The relevance of the article on youth social entrepreneurship lies in the need to focus on the importance of the role of youth in solving social problems and achieving sustainable development. Youth social entrepreneurship is a modern phenomenon that is attracting more and more attention and interest, as young people play a key role in social and economic development.

The study raises awareness: it informs readers about the essence and significance of youth social entrepreneurship, as well as provides an overview of the main aspects, advantages and challenges of this phenomenon, allowing them to better understand its essence and value.

The study identifies areas of support for youth and can serve as a source of inspiration and information for young people who are interested in social entrepreneurship, as well as resources and practical steps that will help young people start their path in youth social entrepreneurship.

The main purpose of the article on youth social entrepreneurship is to raise awareness, inform the audience, promote social youth entrepreneurship and create an information resource that will be useful for various audiences.

The research materials can help to popularize and attract attention to youth social entrepreneurship. They can highlight its importance and show what a positive contribution it can make to solving social problems and sustainable development.

The study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the instruments of the Russian financial market, with an emphasis on advanced capital raising mechanisms – Initial Coin Offering (ICO) and Initial Public Offering (IPO). The main goal is to assess the current state and growth potential of the stock market in the context of the digitalization of the economy and new economic constraints. The work includes an in-depth comparative analysis of these tools, based on data from 2016 to 2020.

The research uses classical economic methods, in particular analysis and synthesis, as well as an inductivedeductive approach. The result was a set of evaluation criteria that allow us to describe the dynamics and effectiveness of the stock market. The developed methods demonstrate the impact of digitalization on transparency and accessibility of the stock market for private investors.

The identified trends and proposed measures to improve the infrastructure of the stock market contribute to its further development, strengthen the country's economy and increase the attractiveness of the market for investors. The research makes a significant contribution to the theory of financial markets and can serve as a basis for the development of long-term strategies for government regulation and market risk management.

The formation of a developed and structurally balanced innovation infrastructure is a critical factor for the successful development of innovations. To gain a deeper understanding of the trends in the development of innovation systems in the conditions of a knowledge-intensive economy, additional research is necessary. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of the operation of Kazakhstan's innovation infrastructure. The effective establishment of the infrastructure of the innovation system in the republic requires a detailed analysis of individual components and their interactions within the system. The infrastructure of the innovation system of the Republic of Kazakhstan was considered as an object of study. An objective investigation of the processes of creation and functioning of innovative components in Kazakhstan will help justify key directions for enhancing the efficiency of innovation activities in the country with the goal of building a knowledge-intensive economy.

The effectiveness of the functioning of the innovation infrastructure of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its assessment is a very relevant topic for research, due to the lack in the country of a systematic vision of innovative development that takes into account the interaction of various components of the national system, including regional and sectoral innovation systems.

During the research, the author applied methods of data analysis, comparison, correlation-regression analysis, and SWOT analysis.

In order to assess the effectiveness of measures in implementing the ongoing innovation policy in Kazakhstan, the author applied a developed methodological approach to the analysis and evaluation of the state of the innovation infrastructure. This approach is based on the development of a set of indicators consisting of 18 indicators across six infrastructure subsystems: legal (3), organizational (2), financial-investment (3), personnel (3), technicaltechnological (3), and informational (3).

Based on the conducted SWOT analysis, the author identified the strategic goal as a consistent and sustainable movement towards the formation of a highly effective knowledge-intensive economy. Additionally, key strategic directions were developed to achieve this goal.

In contemporary conditions, strategic audit becomes not merely a tool, but a necessary prerequisite for effective management of national resources. This article is dedicated to exploring the role of strategic audit in optimizing the management of national resources. The aim of the research is to assess the impact of strategic audit on the effectiveness of management processes in the context of Kazakhstan's national resources. The main materials and methods of the study included the analysis of normative legal documents, statistical data, methods of economic analysis and comparison, as well as the case-study method.

The study identified key problems and shortcomings in the existing system of national resource management, including resource dissipation and a mismatch between planning and actual needs. It is noted that strategic audit contributes to increased transparency, accountability, and efficiency in resource management, and provides an adequate assessment of the implementation of strategic plans and programs.

This study has both practical and theoretical significance. The theoretical significance is reflected in the expansion of understanding of the essence and functions of the state strategic audit in the modern world. The practical significance of this study is manifested in the fact that the results of the study can be further applied in improving the management system of national resources, including through reforming and optimizing planning and monitoring processes in the public sector.

Education, professional competence, socio-economic development are direct components of human capital, in turn, the level of human capital is the value of the company and the entire state. The development of human capital is relevant in an innovative economy, since education allows for continuous innovation.

This article examines the impact of the level of human capital development, employment and income in the context of economic growth in the Atyrau region, located in the west of Kazakhstan, and identifies their interrelationships. The importance of the educated economy in the innovative development of the country and its regions, increasing its competitiveness is determined.

The main purpose of the article is to consider the factors influencing the development of human capital in the region, to determine the relationship between the human factor and economic growth in the region.

The scientific article first examines the theory of human capital and discusses why the accumulation of human capital can be crucial for economic growth. Then the factors influencing the formation of human capital are considered.

Recommendations are given on appropriate measures to stimulate economic growth, accompanied by structural reforms aimed at developing human capital to achieve sustainable and long-term economic growth.

The relevance of the study of the current state of in-house factors of meat processing enterprises is due to several key aspects. Meat processing enterprises play a critical role in providing meat products to the population, their effective operation directly affects the availability and quality of meat products for consumers. The development of meat processing enterprises is strategically important for Kazakhstan. It helps to strengthen competitiveness in the global market, reduce dependence on imports and increase export opportunities. Meat processing enterprises play a key role in the food sector, producing a wide range of meat products, responding to the requests of Kazakhstani consumers.

Based on the importance of the study, the authors had a goal – to determine the current state of meat processing enterprises with the identification of problems and ways to implement them to maximize income and efficiency.

 In this article, various research methods were used – statistical, analytical, comparative, mathematical, predictive, deduction, induction and the method of averages with qualitative and quantitative arithmetic mean characteristics of meat processing enterprises of the Almaty region for the period 2018-2022.

The reason for studying these business entities was low production efficiency, high costs, problems with product quality, lack of qualified personnel, and others. The study of these problems will help to identify key aspects that require attention and solutions. Thus, the topic of the current state of internal factors of meat processing enterprises is extremely relevant, since its study contributes to the development of a strategically important industry, ensuring high-quality products for the population and increasing the country's competitiveness on the world stage.

The conducted research, main results, analysis and conclusions showed that mainly Kazakhstani meat processing enterprises, using the example of the Almaty region, are at the stage of their early development, that in order to increase income and efficiency, enterprises need to develop a comprehensive strategy that should include measures to: ensure uninterrupted supply of raw materials; increase labor productivity; optimize production costs salary and renewal of fixed assets; increased capacity utilization; competent marketing strategy; government support; the introduction of scientific developments, innovative technologies; the transition to high-quality meat products of secondary processing that meet the needs of consumers.

All these measures will increase the competitiveness of meat processing enterprises, increase the volume of exports of the Kazakh meat brand, and reduce import substitution.

One of the distinctions made for companies under Turkish law, and perhaps the most preferred, is the distinction made between commercial companies and ordinary partnerships. According to this distinction, while commercial companies have legal personality, ordinary partnerships constitute a general scope for corporate relations without legal personality. The elements that are valid for the concept of company are the elements that exist for all companies, regardless of their type, and are constitutive. Differences in the details of these elements and the different appearances they present create rules and exceptions. The compulsory elements for all types of companies can be listed as person, asset, common goal, contract and active effort. These elements are present in all companies, although their impact is felt in different ways. Otherwise, there may be a possibility of termination of the company relationship for just cause. The elements of the company concept should be re-evaluated within the framework of digitalization and technological developments in law. For this reason, efforts should be made to adapt to artificial intelligence technology in the establishment, management and supervision of companies.

This article describes the current problems of the legal status of minors in entrepreneurial activity. The emergence in the civil legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the institution of "emancipation" of minors, characteristic of the rule of law of developed countries, allowing minors to engage in entrepreneurial activity upon reaching the age of sixteen with the consent of legal representatives is controversial from the point of view of labor law. In theoretical approaches to understanding the legal personality of minors, disclosure is provided. In the work, the author notes that without providing the child with a relatively free regime of entrepreneurial activity, bringing him closer to the general regime of entrepreneurship, such activity cannot be a condition for emancipation, since it does not meet all the necessary criteria and is significantly limited by the control of persons exerting influence.

The article highlights the moments of support and training of entrepreneurs, which are the main tool for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country.

The author also introduces the legal aspects related to the issues of transactions by minors and entrepreneurship. In general, it contains issues of protecting the interests of minors and preventing their use in the field of transactions and entrepreneurship, recommendations for preventing possible negative consequences when making transactions or engaging in entrepreneurial activities by minors.

The main object of this research is to ensure the safety of information for these children. The threat to the child is a threat to the country as a whole. It is the duty of every person to preserve and protect the rights of the child in order to avoid corruption in the country. Currently, there are enough issues on the topic of children. Due to the fact that the universe is so developed, the child is in danger from all sides. All dangers would have been prevented if the information transmitted to the child had been kept under control. Therefore, the responsibility of parents, the state and non-governmental organizations in protecting the rights of the child will be higher. The need to improve the literacy of the population, teach parents and children the skills of working with information, the skills of recognizing dangerous information was outlined.

Also, children are threatened from what areas of society, environment and measures to solve them are described. It is incredible that the protection of children occurs at all levels of the state, but the function of only one body is small. A strong civic position is needed not only in the family, but also in educational institutions where the child or minor is. Taking into account the foreign and domestic experience of information security, the subjects of information security within the framework of the law are characterized by the implementation of measures to ensure the security of the child's personal information environment.