At thepresent stage of human development, we are witnessing the accumulation of more and more global problems. These include climate change, the growing food crisis, migration, international terrorism, etc. The old system of international security, established since the end of World War II, has served for many years as a guarantor of stability in maintaining peace both at the regional and international levels. But already in the 20th century, we are witnessing the collapse of the former security system by major Powers. The era of globalization in which we live has dramatically changed the lives of entire peoples and regions, and external circumstances emphasize the fragility of such a system. The rapid digitalization of society and the emergence of new technologies also create certain risks, through direct or indirect distortion of reliable information, which we are now witnessing. In the modern world, social hierarchy is provided not only on the basis of the distribution of material resources, but also to an increasing extent on the basisof the distribution of symbolic resources.

In a rapidly changing world, attention is still being paid to the importance of non-military methods and information technologies in foreign policy and the management of modern political processes, and the state is losing its absolute power monopoly in international political processes. There are processes of disintegration both at the level of interstate relations and in the whole world. Based on the increasing role of the image of the state and other actors of international relations in political processes, scientific interest in the problem of image formation by means of public diplomacy in the international arena has increased in recent decades due to the fact that an opportunity has presented itself to take a fresh look at the information and communication field of state activity. The term "public diplomacy" has different interpretations, but they are reduced to two main ones: diplomacy carried out by non-state actors in international relations, and diplomacy whose object of influence is, first of all, the public opinion of other countries.

This article discusses the main milestones of the beginning of the life and work of the famous Kazakh oilman, the founder of the Manglyshla oilfield Rakhmet Utesinov. Rakhmet Utesinov had a definite impact on the development of Kazakh society. His activity is connected with the era of D.A. Kunaev, S. Mukashev, N.D. Ondasynova. In the 50-70 years of the twentieth century, his name is mentioned in many sources. But in historical and scientific sources, his life and activities are little studied. Recently, researchers rarely turn to the study of the life and activities of public figures of the Soviet period.

It was this period of the republic's history that was marked by the development of oil fields in Western Kazakhstan. In the 60s of the twentieth century, a new oil Klondike with large oil reserves appeared on the map of Kazakhstan.

The personality of R. Utesinova allows us to assess the role and importance of famous oilmen in the development of the riches of the Mangyshlak peninsula. At the present stage of history, the rich reserves of oil and gas serve for the benefit of the society of independent Kazakhstan and strengthen the sovereignty of the country. This study reveals the unknown pages of R. 's life Utesinov, the process of becoming an oil engineer and party leader of the Guryev region.

The article deals with one of the tragic periods in the history of the Kazakh people - the famine of 1921-1922 on the example of Western Kazakhstan. One of the main causes of famine is the civil war. It is rightly noted that the Bolsheviks, having made the October coup, plunged the country into the abyss of fratricidal war. As you know, civil war is the most senseless and cruel of all wars. It is not by chance that the authors chose the West Kazakhstan region as the object of study. It was here that the hostilities of several fronts unfolded during the civil war. And the city of Uralsk was completely surrounded and remained without communication with the outside world for three months, Soviet power was established there later than all the cities of Kazakhstan.

On the basis of archival data of the Western Kazakhstan regions and the Central Archives, the atrocities of both the White Guards and the Red Army against the Kazakh population are shown. Having robbed people to the skin, they created the preconditions for famine. The authors believe that the violent actions of the warring parties are one of the main reasons that led the Kazakh population to starvation and, as a result, demographic collapse. To this reason are added the destruction of the national economy as a result of the civil war, the reduction of livestock as a result of the policy of "war communism", the reduction in sown areas, jute in 1920 and the drought in 1921. Of the above reasons, the short-sighted anti-people policy of “war communism” of the Bolsheviks stands out. As a result of this policy, by the end of 1920, the food fund of the Kazakh Republic was completely destroyed.

Especially deadly for the Kazakh population was the delivery of meat and milk to the state. The article traces the entire course of the famine in Western Kazakhstan, the number of hungry people in the context of provinces, and makes a comparative analysis with other regions of Kazakhstan. Rich archival and documentary materials, monographs and other studies used by the authors made it possible to reveal the causes of the famine of 1920-1922 and its consequences for the Kazakh population.

In this paper, the development of the sociological method is approached and discussed within the framework of the concept of paradigm. The concept of paradigm as a model of doing science, or the conventions upon which scientists agree on how a problem should be approached, forms the basis of scientific inquiry. Because paradigms correspond to the nature of scientific research and the methodology followed by the researcher. Quantitative research, known as the positivist paradigm in the context of research design, precedes proving and defining, while qualitative research comes to the fore and becomes evident in the axis of research open to exploration, understanding and interpretation. As a multi-paradigm science, sociology is nourished and flexible by a positivist, interpretive, critical, and postmodern paradigm. Moreover, it is argued in the study that multi-paradigmism affects the methodological structure and brings with it methodological differentiation. From this point of view, the transformations and methodological differences in the theoretical modeling approach of sociology are examined and evaluated in the context of periods.

The article is devoted to problem of the formation of multilingual competence of future teachers in educational environment of the higher school of Kazakhstan. The relevance of the research is due to the need of modern society in the formation and upbringing of a multilingual personality. In the work, multilingualism is considered as a means of developing intellectual potential. The involvement of future teachers in the knowledge of the folk traditions of the ethnic group of Kazakhstan contributes to the formation of multilingual competence. In the study of the problem of the formation of multilingual communicative competence of a person in the process of professional training at a university in Kazakhstan, theoretical and methodological and information-analytical methods were used. Theoretical method-analysis of theoretical and pedagogical literature; empirical method-questioning, observation, testing, analysis of the results of students' educational activities, questioning; methods of mathematical processing of research results. The author considers the main components of the formation of multilingual competence of a future teacher in vocational training at a university. The results of a study conducted at the M. Utemisov West Kazakhstan University showed that the process of forming a multilingual communicative competence of a future teacher contributes to improving the quality of professional training at the university. The paper also draws conclusions that the process of formation of multilingual competence of future teachers is an integral part of professional training at the university.

The article reveals the main provisions of the theory of stress and analyzes the methods of forming stress-resistant behavior. The use of these methods and techniques in the practical work of teachers, psychologists and other specialists who provide psychological assistance in stressful situations increases the efficiency of work, eases the emotional stress of people. Stressful situations arise both at home and at work. If we consider it from the point of view of management, organizational factors cause stress in the workplace. This will help to avoid many stressful situations, increase labor efficiency, and also achieve the goals of the organization with minimal psychological and physiological costs of employees. After all, stress at work is the cause of many diseases, which means it causes significant harm to the health of any employee, and health is one of the most important conditions for success in any professional activity. Stress disrupts human activity, the normal direction of his behavior. Stress, especially frequent and prolonged, negatively affects not only the psychological, but also the physical health of a person.

Tumpangsari or agroforestry is a land that uses a management system in which trees are mixed in the same land with food crops or pasture for domestic animals. This study aimed to determine the impact of the tumpangsari system on the local community in Gunung Arjuna-Lalijiwo Forest Reserve, East Java Indonesia, specifically UB Forest, in terms of socioeconomic status. In addition, the monetary value of products produced from tumpangsari agroforestry system from the UB forest has been evaluated. Primary data consists of the questionnaire distributed to 90 selected respondents, in-depth interviews and site observations. Secondary data was collected through literature review through journals, articles and government official documents. Data collected has been analyzed by using the Chi-square test and SPSS. This study revealed that more than half of the respondents were involved in tumpangsari agroforestry activity (73.3%). The highest income is from the respondents who cultivated coffee and vegetables using tumpangsari method in Dusun Sumbersari and Sumberwangi at RM1000-RM1,200.00 (Rp3.33M-Rp4.00M) or 27.7%, which shows that the local community at UB Forest highly depends on tumpangsari related activities as their primary income.

According to various estimates, 70-100% of the increase in production in the modern world is provided by innovative technologies. Innovations solve issues of social and economic development, change the quality of life, consumption structure, people's behavior, the state of the environment, production culture and much more. Changes in the social sphere in Kazakhstan are taking place as dynamically as in the whole world, however, while innovative development in the field of production is still lagging behind the pace of transformation in developed countries. Regions play an important role in the development of innovations. Taking into account the importance of the development of innovations at the regional level, the article examines the issues of the formation of a regional innovation system, innovative potential of the region, based on the study of literary sources, analyzes the indicators of innovation activity of the regions of Kazakhstan for 2020. The analysis was carried out using statistical data, ranking by 9 indicators was carried out, and then ranking of regions in terms of innovation activity. The study was conducted by using formal logic methods, comparing quantitative indicators of innovation activity of regions according to official data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the rating assessment method was also used. The study was conducted in several stages.

Due to unfavorable factors, such as the spread of the coronavirus epidemic, a sharp drop in external demand and falling energy prices, the economic growth rate of the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2020 to 2021 went into negative growth, and foreign trade declined sharply, the unemployment rate rose, the national currency continued to fall, the inflation rate in the country increased, and the budget deficit expanded. From an industry point of view, the services sector of the economy suffered greatly during the coronavirus pandemic, the country's mining industry experienced negative growth, but some sectors of the economy, in particular agriculture and construction, developed intensively. As part of the anti-crisis policy, Kazakhstan conducted a free fiscal and monetary policy, which effectively reduced the negative economic and social costs caused by the coronavirus epidemic. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the macroeconomic trends of the Republic of Kazakhstan, determine the future prospects of the country's economy, and develop recommendations for improving macroeconomic indicators.

In the course of the study, general cognitive methods, methods of economic analysis and comparison were used, and the main causes of inflation were identified, the conditions of unemployment and employment of the population were considered, and recommendations were given.

The employment sphere, being оne of the mоst sіgnіficant segments ofsоciety, is undergoіng changes іn the context of the use of new dіgіtal technologіes. Due to the specіfics of the educatіon sector, electronic forms of іnteraction betweеn an employeе and an employеr in the dіgital economy are of particular interest on the example of scientific and pedagogical workers of modern universities, especially in terms of the existence of factors that impede the digital transformation of the employmеnt sеctor. The purposе of the study was tо determine the legal possibility of introducing the practice of electronic forms of interaction between employees and employers on the example of scientific and pedagogical workers of modern universities. The work used the methodology of a comprehensive study, including methods of document analysis, comparative analysis, secondary use of sociological, economic and medical data. The rеsults of thе study shоw thаt the education sector in the Russian Federation is not an advanced industry for the introduction of digital technologies. However, according to research data, educational institutions of higher education are actively introducing electronic services and resources into their activities: electronic library systems (97.8%), electronic versions of textbooks (95.8%), training computer programs on certain subjects or topics (92, 3%), as well as special software for solving specific tasks - 90.8%, electronic document management systems - 84.1%. The specifics of work in educational organizations determine the need for the development and implementation of specific digital transformation tools in modern universities.

This article discusses some theoretical and practical issues concerning the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Special attention is paid to the modernization of the judicial system taking place at the present stage. Currently, there is an urgent need for a deep theoretical analysis of problems related to judicial decisions, models for making various types of judicial decisions, a systematic study of the entire complex of factors that allow improving the system of judicial legislation. The level of citizens' trust in the state depends on the quality of court decisions.

The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of improving the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The prospective directions of modernization of the judicial system, namely the improvement of legislation, the creation of specialized courts and increasing the authority of judges in society, are also considered. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the provisions of the new Administrative Procedural Code. The author considers it necessary to constantly improve the qualifications of judges in various areas of public life. The conclusion is made that the judicial power in Kazakhstan should be strong, independent, authoritative, competent, professional. This is the main task that the state is facing now. The results of this article are significant both theoretically and practically. The judiciary is the most key element of public administration, embodying the legality and fairness of State power.

The article examines the issues of countering terrorism and extremism, which have become a terrible phenomenon of the XXI century, and the positive experience of foreign countries in ensuring the security of citizens and the state.

The author defines terrorism and extremism as the main threat to the national and international security of states. Since these threats are more extensive and global in nature, the international community should develop a general policy to combat this phenomenon, since only through active interstate cooperation can the effectiveness of anti-terrorist measures be achieved.

To date, the United Nations has adopted a number of conventions and protocols aimed at unifying legal concepts in the field of countering terrorism and extremism, creating common mechanisms for preventing and suppressing terrorist and extremist crimes. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the main provisions of these international conventions and assesses their importance for ensuring security around the world.

Due to the lack of experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan in countering terrorism and extremism, the issues of studying the legislation and practice of law enforcement agencies of foreign countries that have been fighting terrorism and extremism for many years are of particular importance. The author analyzed the current experience of joint activities of the relevant competent authorities of different states in countering terrorism and extremism, gave reasonable recommendations for the further development of international cooperation in this area. It is possible to study foreign experience, systematize it, adapt it to the conditions of Kazakhstan, optimize measures to combat terrorism and extremism, thereby avoiding possible mistakes in the choice of tools and methods of such struggle.