The paper will focus on the Sanjak system and its effects from these changes. To explain this, a piece of general information about the steppe civilization will be given first. Then it will be mentioned that the Mongols came under Manchu domination. Finally, the main features of the Sanjak system that the Manchus established in the Mongol lands will be examined and its effect on the nomadic life will be emphasized. Turks and Mongols have been the main carriers of steppe civilization throughout history. As a result of the organization based on tribes, the Turkish and Mongolian tribes constantly entered into each other. For centuries, the perception of identity in the steppe continued from the lifestyle partnership. With the Mongols coming under Manchu domination, the structure of the Mongols based on nation and otok units changed. This structure evolved into a monarchical system based on its relationship with the Manchu court. The sanjak system was established in the Mongolian region. The Manchus, another nomadic element east of the Mongols, used changes in the stature structure.

This article deals with stone products, that is, wands. They usually ended with zoomorphic images, among which the image of a horse was the most often found. Considerable attention was paid to their iconographic properties. Also, other characteristic features of these products were highlighted and described here. The main goal was an attempt to reveal the phenomenon of the cult of the horse, which had a wide significance and spread in the decorative and applied arts of the Bronze Age in the territory of the Ob-Irtysh region. The key argument in favor of confirming the sacred meaning and special status of the horse was its predominance in the images of stone wands.

Special emphasis was placed on the fact that all stone rods with a horse's pommel belong to accidental finds. They were found in the vicinity of Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, and in the destroyed burial grounds of the Shipunovo-Ⅴ burial ground in the Altai. The reason for such a wide scope of distribution in these surroundings was their special significance in the life and activities of the population. This was also confirmed several times by other archaeological materials, which were similar in functional significance but had already met with other zoomorphic images. However, they are all treated in the same way in the literature and are called stone wands, dated from the beginning – the first half of Ⅱ thousand BC.

As a result, it was concluded that the functional purpose of these stone products was their use as one of the attributes of power, which became its symbol.

The article tells about the mass struggle of the people in the 20-30s of the XX century on the territory of modern Atyrau and Mangystau regions of Kazakhstan, directed against the violent policy of the Soviet government, known in the former historical literature as the "Adai Uprising", and its ruthless suppression by the Bolsheviks with unspeakable cruelty. The violent policy of the Soviet government after the Civil War led to an increase in discontent among the population of the Western Region, and the public came out to openly fight against the policy of the Soviet state. The purpose of this article is to tell about the mass participation of the population who lived at that time against the injustice of the Soviet government, which covered not only the Mangystau region of the Adai uprising, but also, above all, the Kyzylkoginsky, Embinsky districts, Sagiz, Topyrakshashkan regions of the Atyrau region. As a result of the article, data related to the Adai uprising, previously unknown to historical science, were shown. After the October Revolution, the social status of the population living throughout the republic and on the territory of the modern Atyrau region was extremely low. The failure to take into account the laws of the natural development of the economy and the incessant administration made agriculture completely shaky and sharply aggravated the situation. This caused discontent among the population and led to an uprising.

The importance of studying scientific reasoning is crucial for various reasons, ranging from the unsatisfactory outcomes of standardized tests at both national (PLANEA) and international (PISA) levels that govern the quality of learning, to the classroom level where there is often a preference for covering a thematic content program rather than encouraging reasoning per se. Due to this, the present article aims to establish the variations in scientific reasoning that occur during the teaching of Physics at the high school level categorized as high marginalization. To achieve this, the Scientific Reasoning in the Classroom Test by Lawson was used, where a pre-test and post-test were administered to two groups, one control and one experimental. In the experimental group, a didactic intervention focused on the use of concepts such as magnitude, unit, and variable was carried out, as teachers had reported that students struggled to relate these concepts, leading to confusion when completing exercises. In contrast, the control group received the class as it is typically conducted. However, the results obtained in the post-test of both groups indicate that there were no statistically significant variations in either the experimental or control group. Despite these results, it was found that students remain in an empirical-inductive reasoning during the first part of the Physics course. Therefore, a challenge in educating students under similar conditions would be designing activities that contribute to the transition towards hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

At the present information stage of the development of society, digital processes play a crucial role both in human life and in society. At present, the problem of organizing new forms of the educational process is becoming relevant in educational practice. In this regard, there is an increasing need to integrate information and communication technologies into the educational process, with the allocation of distance technologies themselves with the formation of a separate type of distance education.

The article discusses the options for using distance technologies in the educational process of a higher educational institution. Thus, the concepts of "distance learning", and "distance educational technologies" were disclosed, as well as data on the university's readiness for the transition to education using distance technologies and an analysis of the effectiveness of such education.

A modern educated person is surrounded by a huge flow of information that needs constant processing. Students without direct contact study many disciplines at the university with the teacher, i.e. on an independent basis. In this regard, modern universities are sufficiently equipped with material and technical means, which allows for accelerating and partially virtualizing the process of obtaining knowledge. Technologies such as the exchange of information via the Internet, for example, the distribution of literature, and the study of the theoretical aspects of disciplines, allow you to achieve your educational goals in the shortest possible time.

The current socio-economic situation is fundamentally changing the labor market. In connection with the emergence of new types of professions, an urgent problem is the professional and psychological training of vocational education specialists. Currently, the country is intensively searching for highly qualified specialists and their selection.

In the training of specialists, the main attention was paid to the issue of professional mobility based on the rapid development of the economy, the training of qualified specialists in their fields, vocational education, and the professional and psychological development of specialists.

Also, in the professional training of future specialists, special attention is paid to the professional development of students, overcoming difficulties in professional life, readaptation of unemployed youth, and professional rehabilitation of people with psychophysiological disabilities who do not lose their ability to work.

Now, whatever profession young people choose, their professional growth depends on the profession they choose. Choosing a profession, choosing it, mastering a profession, a correct understanding of the content of professional activity, overcoming obstacles, disputes, crises, and professional development are considered the main requirements for choosing a profession. Since the choice of specialty and profession is difficult, the new direction of applied psychology and the subject "Professional psychology" occupies a special place in the professional development of young people.

The current socio-economic situation is fundamentally changing the labor market. In connection with the emergence of new types of professions, an urgent problem is the professional and psychological training of vocational education specialists. Currently, the country is intensively searching for highly qualified specialists and their selection.

In the training of specialists, the main attention is paid to the issue of professional mobility based on the rapid development of the economy, the training of qualified specialists in their field, vocational education, and the professional and psychological development of specialists.

This article presents the increase in free cash flow of securities companies. Free cash flows of joint stock companies show how effectively working capital is used. Moreover, if free cash flow in a company’s activities decreases due to an increase in working capital, this means that joint-stock companies ineffectively use working capital when purchasing low-income assets. The article discusses the use of theories of domestic and foreign economists regarding the calculation of free cash flow.

The free cash flows of the joint stock companies “Andijandonkhusulot”, “Andijan Regional Electric Grid Enterprise” and “Kokan Mechanical Plant” selected in the study were analyzed and it was revealed that changes in fixed capital (Bc), working capital (Wc) and depreciation expenses (De) are interdependent. There was a doubling of the free cash flows of the companies in question. An analysis of the balance sheet of Andizhondonkhusulot JSC for 2017-2021 and the dynamics of net reinvestments of joint-stock companies were carried out.

The author clarifies that when determining the free cash flow of joint stock companies, the company's EBIT indicator is used after taking into account operating income and paying taxes.

Based on the results of the study, important aspects of increasing a company's free cash flow are highlighted.

In modern times, the existing environmental problems have taken on a special global character. This primarily refers to the fact that when planning and implementing the material progress of society, the ecological rules of human life and the vital activity of other beings were not taken into account. In this regard, at present, almost all countries of the world, namely those related to the economically developed, are making maximum efforts to build their environmental policy, form rational use of natural resources and provide financial resources to replenish them. The main role in ensuring environmental policy is played by the state, but in modern society, the state apparatus is not the only subject of environmental policy, but only one of many, along with political parties, as well as scientific and professional associations, and commercial companies. Being an important part of the policy of all states, environmental policy and its implementation or non-implementation have an impact on the views of citizens towards state power.

Currently, on the territory of Kazakhstan there are many villages / auls, pastures that do not have their own wells and wells with water. The state is trying to solve this problem by adopting various programs for supplying water to remote populations, such programs as the “Rules for the reimbursement of part of the costs incurred by the subject of the agroindustrial complex during investment investments “Irrigation of pastures”, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 29, 2014 No. 421 and program “Drinking Water”, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 23, 2002, which are implemented throughout Kazakhstan, but despite all these measures, due to objective and subjective circumstances, many remote areas are still waiting for water. This confirms the importance of the topic under study.

The novelty of the topic under study can be called the organization of a business for the provision of services for drilling wells for water in private sectors and suburban areas, for the installation of a water supply system, a pumping station and standpipes, with a construction infrastructure in the form of water canals.

The advantage of the proposed solution to the problem lies in the low cost of a finished well with this drilling equipment over traditional drilling machines and ease of transportation.

In order to reduce the number of deaths in accidents related to labor activity, it is necessary to strengthen strict control over the work of individual enterprises in the regions of the country in the field of labor protection. Occupational injury remains one of the leading problems that need to be addressed in the field of labor safety. In this case, it is necessary to clearly indicate the nature of accidents at work and the best methods for their elimination. To improve this direction, it is necessary to use the statistical data of accidents, formed by the statistical authorities. In 2021, 2133 accidents were registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Of the total number of victims, women accounted for 18.2%. At the same time, 240 people suffered from group accidents, 351 from occupational diseases, 47 from poisoning. As a result of the accident, 592 people received a closed fracture, 456 - external trauma, 246 - trauma from a concussion and trauma to internal organs, 124 - open fracture, 106 - thermal burns, 71 - an open injuries. Weaker parts of the body: head, complete lesions of the head (34 people); chest (32 people died from this injury). The most common occupational diseases in 2021 were: dorsalgia (200 people); radiculopathy (196 people); vibrational effects and other external causes (146 people). Most of those affected are skilled workers between the ages of 30 and 45 who worked the first shift.

In this article, based on statistical data, the injury rates of workers are analyzed by those who died and were injured at work, as well as by sectors of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the most traumatic sectors are determined.

The article examines the characteristic features of the production and sale of vegetables, identifies the causes and indicators that affect the change in the efficiency of production and sale of vegetable products by categories of agricultural production entities, conducted an economic and statistical analysis of determining the relationship between the main economic indicators of production and sale of vegetable products. Also, the performance indicators of agricultural enterprises are considered – the level of profitability of vegetable production in agricultural enterprises, the analysis of the cost index of 1 hundredweight of sold products is made.

The causes and consequences of the influence of some factors and indicators on the growth and decrease in the efficiency of the production and sale of vegetable products by agricultural entities: agricultural formations, agricultural enterprises, individual entrepreneurs and peasant or farm farms of Atyrau region are revealed.

The study of the problems of increasing the economic efficiency of vegetable production aims to identify the factors and conditions for increasing the efficiency of vegetable production and to develop practical recommendations in the field of economic analysis of the efficiency of vegetable production. The importance and diversity of aspects of increasing the economic efficiency of vegetable production require a comprehensive study of a wide range of issues, including methodological ones.

The article describes scientific methods for forecasting economic activity, used to assess the likelihood of future events. Materials from various sources on scientific methods of forecasting collected and summarized to give a complete picture of existing scientific knowledge in this area. The advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses of various scientific forecasting methods derived in order to better understand which method May be most effective in a particular situation. Recommendations on the use of scientific forecasting methods are proposed, practical recommendations on the use of scientific forecasting methods in various fields such as finance, economics, marketing, etc. are generalized.

It is important to note that scientific forecasting methods are not strictly accurate and may contain errors due to the incompleteness of the data on which they based, as well as the complexity of the forecasting process itself. Therefore, scientific forecasting methods should be used with these limitations in mind and with the understanding that they are not strictly accurate. They are intended only as a guide and a tool to aid decision-making, but are not a guarantee of accuracy and are not a substitute for independent thought and analysis.

Thе purpоsе оf thіs artіclе іs tо cоnsіdеr thе іssuеs оf thе plаcе and rоlе оf lеgal catеgоrіеs іn thе lеgal systеm, thе sіgnіfіcancе оf thе study оf thе catеgоry "duty" іn labоr law. Thе study оf lеgal catеgоrіеs allоws thе usе оf structurеd and systеmatіc apprоachеs іn thе mеthоds оf rеsеarch оf lеgal thеоrеtіcal and lеgal cоncеpts. Thе abоvе mеthоd оf cоgnіtіоn allоwеd thе authоrs tо cоmе tо thе fоllоwіng cоnclusіоns and rеsults. Thе catеgоry оf "duty" іn rеlatіоn tо labоr law іs clоsеly rеlatеd tо thе mеchanіsm оf labоr rеlatіоns. Thе dеvеlоpmеnt оf a spеcіfіc cоncеptual apparatus оf thе catеgоry "duty" іn labоr law іs partіcularly dіffіcult, sіncе thіs catеgоry іncludеs such cоncеpts as "labоr dutіеs", "labоr functіоn", "dutіеs іn thе fіеld оf labоr", "labоr оblіgatіоns", еtc. "Duty", as a lеgal catеgоry, undеrgоеs sіgnіfіcant changеs. changеs, еspеcіally іn thе fіеld оf labоr law. Thе cоuntry's transіtіоn tо a markеt еcоnоmy, gеnеral dеmоcratіzatіоn, transparеncy and glоbalіzatіоn оf sоcіеty, оn thе оnе hand, gavе іmpеtus tо thе dynamіc dеvеlоpmеnt оf all sphеrеs оf sоcіal lіfе, dеtеrmіnеd a nеw vеctоr оf dеvеlоpmеnt оf labоr rеlatіоns basеd оn thе frееdоm оf cоntractual rеlatіоns. Оn thе оthеr hand, thе іncrеasіng іnfluеncе оf cіvіl law, cоntractual еlеmеnts оf іntеractіоn bеtwееn an еmplоyее and an еmplоyеr lеаds tо thе fаct thаt fundamеntal catеgоrіеs such as "duty" arе gradually dіssоlvіng іn thе sphеrе оf wоrk.

The proposed article defines the features of the institution of citizenship in some post-Soviet states, including on the basis of a review of the legislation of states on citizenship, international legal documents on such topical issues as obtaining citizenship of a certain state, leaving it, termination of citizenship, loss of citizenship. These issues have become relevant in our country as well. It should be remembered that the right to obtain citizenship cannot be exercised in conditions isolated from other civil rights and freedoms and from the performance of certain duties. The right to obtain citizenship, the right to participate in the conduct of public affairs, the right to be elected and elected, the right to diplomatic protection and others are closely related. The issues of citizenship and statelessness are becoming increasingly relevant in connection with the problem of globalization of public relations. As a result of the conducted research on this issue, the author's expertise is carried out. Currently, the legal acts adopted by the States also provide comparative information on the issues of granting citizenship and renouncing citizenship, about what circumstances lead to non-fulfillment of the requirements related to citizenship specified in the relevant loans. In addition, the similarities and differences identified as a result of a comparative legal analysis of the constitutions, laws on citizenship, administrative and criminal legislation of the Republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are revealed.

This article discusses alternative approaches to dispute resolution in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where mediation is one of the priority non-judicial areas. The development and implementation of mediation as an alternative way of resolving disputes (conflicts) is a global trend. The concept of "mediation" refers to an alternative way of resolving disputes and conflicts involving a third neutral party. At the same time, during negotiations, the mediator (mediator) does not give a legal assessment of the dispute and does not affect the final agreement between the parties in any way. Mediation is the optimization and improvement of the judicial system, strengthening trust in it, reducing the level of corruption.

The main task facing the mediator is to bring the disputants to an agreement-a decision that both sides decide. As a rule, in some cases mediation is an alternative to judicial methods of dispute resolution, and also costs less. However, Mediation is successful only when an important condition remains – the desire of the parties to agree. Conflict situations inevitably arise in the course of public life, and they require resolution. At the same time, the parties to the conflict either try to settle the dispute on their own, or apply to the relevant authorities, in particular to the judicial authorities. However, such a dispute resolution does not always meet the interests of the parties, since the judicial resolution of the dispute is not aimed at reaching consensus between the parties, there is always a side that has won and lost the case, which ultimately can lead to further aggravation of the conflict.