Modern France is a republic of a mixed parliamentary-presidential type. The Fifth French Republic's political system has several advantages and disadvantages, but it has proven its viability in modern times. France is one of the leading countries in the European Union, disputing the leadership of neighboring Germany. Interestingly, the mixed form of government was combined in the history of France with bright leaders, and the founder of the Fifth Republic was Charles de Gaulle. Historical development predetermined a strong presidential power in France the president has significant constitutional rights, and he forms the government, which, however, cannot function normally without the support of the National Assembly. In general, despite the mixed type of republic, the advantage of the president of the country is obvious. An appeal to the history of France, therefore, is an important point in understanding the transformation of the party-political system in the context of European integration.

The article considers the party-political system of the Fifth Republic and the problems of integration in Europe (50-60s of the XX century) in the context of European integration and civilizational features of Western Europe. It also presents the party-political system of France in the context of the new system of international relations, as one of the main participants in the process of European integration. At the same time, the development and expansion of European construction influence the dynamics of systemic transformations in France and change its political system

Provision of research programs to study and solve the problems of the exposition and exhibition activities of museums, considered in the context of the integration of modern multimedia and technological innovations in the museum field. Special attention is paid to the relevance and optimality of using modern, innovative interactive forms of museum services in the exposition and exhibition work, which have a significant demonstration advantage.

Nowadays, many digital types of presentations and demonstrations of museum exhibitions or individual objects (exhibits) in the form of interactive, additional, and virtual reality, artificial intelligence, or 3D projection have become an active opportunity to revitalize museum space. The designated digital technologies contribute to a more in-depth perception and understanding of museum exhibitions. And although in some museums changes to the previously established “classical” order are still treated with caution, the process of digitalization has now become part of the life of societies, which can hardly be stopped.

To this end, the objectives of the study were to study the need and prospects for the use of multimedia, and digital technologies in the museum sphere, the development of interactive exhibitions as ways of innovative infrastructure of the museum exhibition space, the development of the creative industry in the cultural sphere so that in the future the excessive technological and digital framing of museum objects did not interfere with the perception of their true historical and cultural significance.

Research materials: the results of research on theoretical and methodological issues and museum scientific and practical experience in the implementation of digitalization of objects from the museum collections of the Central State Museum of Kazakhstan. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is to assess the priority of information and digital development of museums.

The article focuses on the problem of state regulation of the salt industry, which was especially actively developed in the XVIII-XIX centuries. One of the reasons was the decision to monopolize salt operations by the state. The leading function in the implementation of tasks was played by state institutions, starting with the orders created by the first tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.

The coming to power of Peter the Great was marked by new reforms, which primarily affected the mining industry. The high need to replenish the treasury has led to a new reorganization of the public administration system. As a result, Collegiums were formed. Including the Berg Board, which was in charge of the affairs of all mining industries, and salt in particular. The abandonment of collegiums and the introduction of ministries contributed to the systematization of the management of individual sectors. The established Department of Mining and Salt Affairs, which came under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, strengthened and streamlined the work of salt mines. Strict state control over the salt industry was caused by the turnover of this product, which has become one of the key revenue items of the Russian budget. The process of regulating the salt industry had a number of features and key problems. All these issues had to be resolved, at the beginning, by orders, and then by the Berg Board and the Department of Mining and Salt Affairs. On the territory of Kazakhstan, one of such problems was the secret theft of salt or foraging.

This research article considers the formation, development and activities of the institute of bais in Kazakh society in the XIX-XX centuries. Bais is also existed in the period of the Kazakh Khanate, which formed a group of social strata of traditional Kazakh society, i.e. a social category. Wealthy bais lived in the Kazakh steppe in different centuries. Due to their enterprise, intellect, they were capable people who participated in the state administration, organized the activities of the region or auls. Bais, who lived in different periods, worked, earned and helped the residents, organized the population for the development of the economy, paid taxes to the state. Paying attention to history, the social group of bais developed without changes since the establishment of the Kazakh khanate in the traditional Kazakh society from 15^th to 18^th centuries. A significant change in their status and class occurred in the 19^th and 20^th centuries. This occurred during the period of administration of the Tsarist Russian Empire. This was followed by a Soviet government decree in 1930 to expel the rich people as a class. Consequently, the traditional social construction of the Kazakh people underwent changes and was destroyed. To consider the institute of bais in Kazakh society as a social structure the works of national and foreign authors were used, as well as archival data and collections of documents were included in the scientific turnover.

Vocational education is a social institution that meets important social needs. The growth of industry in the late XIX early XX centuries required specialists who mastered theoretical knowledge and practical professional skills. This article examines the issues of the formation of vocational education in the Ural region in the period before the October Revolution. The main focus of the work is on the formation and development of the vocational education system in the period from 1860 to 1915. The article highlights the activities of the first professional education organizations: real, craft, primary agricultural schools, teachers' seminaries. This period was the time of laying the foundations of vocational education in the region bordering on tsarist Russia, in accordance with the development process characteristic of economic and social life. The article examines the history of the opening of educational institutions focused on primary vocational education, the general rules and principles of their work, and assesses the level of research on the problem.

The purpose of the article is to study the process of the origin of primary vocational education in the Ural region, which is a contiguous zone of Kazakhstan with Russia during the period of dependence on the Russian Empire, to consider the prerequisites and conditions for the development of vocational education at the turn of the century, its effective and ineffective aspects.

The main purpose of the study is to differentiate the rich historical and cultural heritage of the Golden Horde Saraishyq and the materials of archaeological excavations in subsequent years.

The article examines ceramic cores discovered during archaeological excavations in medieval Saraishyq and compares them with cores found in other Golden Horde monuments. Several conclusions in science are discussed about the purposes for which the cores found at the site of the cities of the Jochi Ulus were used.

Such archaeological finds are one of the most important sources in the study of our history. Through them, we can study the level of cultural, spiritual, political and economic development of the medieval history of the country, its links with world civilization centers.

The medieval Saraishyq preserves important milestones in the development of the history of the Ulus of Jochi, the Nogai Horde, and the Kazakh Khanate. The cores discovered during excavations indicate that Saraishyq was a center of economic communications located on the banks of the Ural River, as well as the constant development of urban craftsmen. On the other hand, the cores were used as household items, in particular, as a vessel for transporting various liquid substances. Medieval history researchers also write that during the war, cores were used instead of explosive bombs. There is an assumption that in the second half of the 19th century, sea pirates attacked Saraishyq. If this is the case, then the study of the history of ceramic cores has yet to be completed.

In this regard, this study aims to investigate the peculiarities of the influence of artificial intelligence technologies on the process of independent formation of information culture in adolescents with visual impairment. To achieve the goal, the methods of analysis, deduction, classification, and systematization were used, and an experiment was conducted regarding the influence of artificial intelligence on the education of teenagers with visual impairments in schools in Kazakhstan. This paper reveals the technologies of artificial intelligence and describes the social necessity of providing equal access to education and information for persons with disabilities. The practical part reveals the importance of developing methods and ways to meet the needs related to social interaction and information culture. The study included a questionnaire aimed at understanding the individual experience of visually impaired teenagers in the use of artificial intelligence technologies. The total sample was 30 students aged between 13 and 17 years old. The paper showed an analysis of the impact of technology on visually impaired adolescents and presented statistics on the use of these technologies in children's learning. In addition, the experience of using artificial intelligence technologies was identified and the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on the development of analytical and critical skills of adolescents was investigated. The work revealed possible problems and ways to improve social adaptation and proposed practical recommendations for educational institutions and specialists working with adolescents with visual impairments. The research materials are of practical and theoretical value for pedagogy, typhlo pedagogy, psychology, and sociology, as they help to reveal the prospects of teaching blind or visually impaired children.

The article addresses the issues of scientific and methodological support for tutors in integrating children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) into society through adaptive sports, based on an expert survey of specialists in this field. The study is based on a qualitative method of analysis, where expert interviews were conducted with professionals working with children with ASD in specialized sports and correctional centers. The collected data were processed using thematic analysis, which allowed for the identification of key themes and issues related to tutoring support for children with ASD. Attention is drawn to the lack of unified theoretical approaches to teaching these children, as well as the need for the development of more effective and adaptive methods tailored to the age and developmental level of each child. The study results emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to each child, the necessity of active cooperation with parents and tutors, and the role of sensory integration in preventing professional burnout among tutors. The practical significance of the study lies in the proposed recommendations for improving the training of specialists and the development of new methods focused on children with ASD, contributing to their successful socialization and development.

This study investigates the effectiveness of gamified educational applications in improving students' involvement in the process of learning the English language among secondary school students. The study employs a comparative methodology to evaluate the influence of gamification on students' motivation, language acquisition, and overall learning experience. The study uses a sample of students with different language backgrounds and applies both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to assess the efficacy of gamified educational apps in comparison to conventional language learning approaches. The results demonstrate a notable and favorable association between the use of gamified language learning and heightened student involvement. The use of gamification components, such as interactive challenges, prizes, and competition, has been proven to create a dynamic and interesting learning environment. This, in turn, motivates students to actively engage in language acquisition activities. The comparative analysis emphasizes the benefits of gamified applications in enhancing language proficiency, memory, and interpersonal abilities. Furthermore, the study examines how technology facilitates language learning by including gamification. It assesses the accessibility, usefulness, and adaptability of these programs. The findings of this research add to the continuing discussion on creative teaching methods, providing valuable information on the effectiveness of gamified educational apps as instruments for teaching the English language. The results endorse the incorporation of gamified educational apps into language classes, providing a more engaging and participatory learning experience for learners.

In the context of increasing social demands on the personality of a teacher, the problem of a teacher's personal brand is becoming more relevant. The article is devoted to the analysis of the main sources on this issue and its formation in the context of professional training of future teachers. The authors identified the following key factors in solving this issue: motivational-cognitive, activity-based and reflexive components of the formation of a teacher's personal brand.

The purpose of the article is to study the process of forming a teacher's personal brand among students of a pedagogical university, taking into account the motivational-cognitive component.

The article defines and substantively fills in the following: motivational, cognitive and emotional criteria of this component.

Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the questionnaire to identify the level of formation of the motivational-cognitive component indicators among students of a pedagogical university. The survey was anonymous and was conducted on the basis of the Google forms service. The questions proposed in the questionnaire were aimed at studying the formation of motivation in students of a pedagogical university to form a personal brand of a teacher, psycho-emotional attitude to the phenomenon of "personal brand of a teacher" and the process of forming it, understanding the significance and role of a personal brand in the professional activity of a teacher, the formation of knowledge about a personal brand and the ways of its formation. The results allowed us to identify the main reasons for the insufficient development of the formation of the component touched upon in this publication among students, a promising direction of work with students is proposed.

The problem considered by the authors is poorly studied and requires a comprehensive study. The article will be useful for teachers of comprehensive schools, students, master's students of pedagogical universities, scientists involved in this research problem.

This article discusses the issues of developing regional standards for providing the Mangystau region with advanced personnel and developing atlases of new professions. In addition, the concept of Foresight is described, the relevance of the issue of Personnel Training in Mangystau region, the need to train in-demand specialists, the problem of training certified specialists who are able to conduct foresight methodically in each region to create an atlas of new professions. The algorithm of actions for developing a map of specialties includes such stages as a preliminary analysis of the region, conducting surveys and in-depth interviews, organizing a foresight session on the Rapid Foresight methodology, career guidance work among students in grades 8-11 and developing educational programs for new specialties.

It is noted that the Ministry of Science and higher education has identified the leading higher educational institution of the region the Caspian University of technology and engineering named after sh. Yessenov, in the course of the foresight study, quantitative and qualitative measurements were made for more than 700 respondents, 8 educational programs were analyzed, 79 industry experts were involved to participate in the foresight session, 46 key trends were identified and 39 new professions were based.

This research paper is devoted to the study of the methodology of analyzing the genre of fiction biography in order to improve the literary competence of students. The paper considers the influence of analyzing this genre on the development of literary students (on the material of V. F. Mikhailov's prose). The aim of the study is to use the process of analyzing the genre of fiction biography and its results as a means of improving students' literary competences. The most important results of the study include identifying the peculiarities of the genre of fictionized biography in V.F. Mikhailov's prose, as well as determining the specifics of literary studies competencies. The research methods include analysis and review of literary studies, comparative analysis, as well as various methods of teaching literature, such as research, heuristic, reproductive, project method and others. The theoretical significance of the study lies in expanding the understanding of the essence and features of fiction biography as a literary genre, as well as in identifying the possibilities of using this analysis in pedagogical activities. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using this methodology in the educational process to improve students' literary competencies, as well as in the development of recommendations for teachers and students on the use of this material. This will allow students to acquire skills in analyzing literary works and critical thinking, which is important not only for their studies, but also for their future professional activities in the field of pedagogy. The results obtained can be useful both for students studying literature and for teachers working on the development of literary competences.

This article represents an important trend in modern education, especially in the context of computer science. Gamification not only draws students' attention to the learning process, but also promotes their active participation and engagement. The study of the influence of gamification on computer science education makes it possible to understand which methods and approaches can be most effective in achieving educational goals.

The analysis of existing gamification tools and consideration of their structure helps to identify the basic principles underlying the successful integration of game elements into the educational process. This allows computer science teachers to choose the most appropriate tools for their students and learning goals. The study of the impact of gamification on the learning process of computer science allows us to identify not only the effectiveness of this method, but also to understand which specific aspects and elements of the game approach have the greatest impact on students.

In addition, the mention of previous research in the field of gamification in computer science education adds context and allows for an extensive analysis of the current situation. The recommendations made as a result of the study can become the basis for further practical actions in the field of education, contributing to the improvement of the learning process and the development of curricula.

This research is carried out within the framework of the grant financing of the project (grant no. AP19677291) by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The article deals with the organization of distance learning for teachers of small-class schools (SCS) using the Discord platform, its advantages, and disadvantages, and also analyzes the current state of distance learning in SCSs and identifies the need for a pedagogical model for effective professional development of teachers. As a result, it was found that there are numerous considers in our study, but the proposed study offers a modern approach to solving it, which will ensure accessibility for teachers and students in rural schools that have limited resources and opportunities for implementing distance learning, and contributes to the implementation of important social-economic problem. At the same time, existing contradictions in the organization of the educational process of the SCS hinder its effectiveness. In this regard, the relevance of developing pedagogical conditions for high-quality professional training of teachers arises, who must have the skills to organize such training and be able to solve the problems that arise.

During the implementation of the project, a survey of secondary school teachers was conducted to identify their needs for advanced training using distance technologies on the Discord platform with the creation of a special channel. The results of testing the model showed that distance learning can be effectively carried out in synchronous and asynchronous mode, helping to increase motivation, the quality of knowledge and skills of students, etc. Research recommendations made can be applied to the creation of new products and services.

The article examines the experience of physics teachers in introducing STEM technology, one of the world's modern educational processes. STEM is an integration of educational disciplines and shows the student how scientific and technological concepts are applied in real life.

It is believed that teaching schoolchildren the project method for solving specific and technological problems using knowledge of mathematics, computer science, and natural sciences and the ability to apply integrated knowledge in practice at a high level requires appropriate training of school teachers.

The authors identified the main current problems of introducing STEM technologies in our country: the development of conceptual foundations in the system of training highly qualified personnel; organization of experience-oriented advanced training courses for teachers; the need to widely attract specialists with technological and engineering education to provide undergraduate and graduate programs.

To determine the situation of using STEM technology, the authors conducted empirical research among school teachers in Western Kazakhstan. It was found that teachers need guidance and support when introducing STEM technologies. Teachers are ready to innovate and practice-oriented, and the implementation of project-based learning awakens their interest; a need has been identified to create communities for sharing experiences and connecting teachers involved in introducing STEM education into them.

Cultural areas are the cause of social and economic consequences as well as cultural consequences. That is why every country should pay special attention to the development of cultural areas. Thus, cultural fields are one of the industrial fields that influence economic activity by increasing the cultural level in the country. Cultural fields act as a driving force in economic development with unemployment, direct, and added value. In addition to all this, cultural fields act as one of the powerful means for implementing the country's political ideology.

As previously noted, the recognition of the significance of cultural sectors is particularly crucial for newly independent nations such as Azerbaijan, which, despite only gaining independence within the past 34 years, has made substantial progress across various domains. Beyond the preservation and transmission of national and moral values to future generations, cultural sectors hold the potential to contribute to the diversification of the economy, reducing unemployment, and enhancing political influence. These considerations have motivated my research into the role and development of cultural sectors within Azerbaijan.

Taking all this into account, I decided to investigate the economic aspects of cultural activities in Azerbaijan for the first time. The article contains statistical data. The conclusions reached are that cultural fields in Azerbaijan have undergone a wave of development since the country's independence, and certain developments have been observed in recent years. In addition to all this development, the development of cultural fields lags behind the international level, and various problems show their impact here.

The article raises the problem of the impact of digital technologies on the efficiency of milk and meat production in small businesses. The authors argue that the future of milk and meat production at small businesses in Kazakhstan will be determined by the introduction of innovative technologies, sustainable farming methods and the development of new markets. Small farms have the opportunity to use new technologies to increase efficiency, improve product quality and expand their market presence. Government support and investment also play a key role in the development of the sector.

Innovations in meat production in Kazakhstan play a key role in increasing the competitiveness of local farms in the domestic and international markets. The introduction of modern technologies such as automation, digitalization and the use of biotechnologies makes it possible to improve product quality, reduce costs and minimize the negative impact on the environment. Government support and private investment in these technologies will also contribute to the development of the country's meat industry.

The article evaluates the level of potential of the modern knowledge-based economy in the country. The concept of a knowledge-based economy has been studied and clarified. The relevance of improving knowledge intensity and knowledge economy in ensuring sustainable economic development of Kazakhstan is proved. To determine the knowledge intensity and importance of the knowledge economy in economic development, a review of the literature and works of Kazakhstani and foreign authors was conducted. The place of Kazakhstan in the ratings of the development of the world knowledge economy has been studied. Macroeconomic indicators have been systematized to determine the potential and level of development of the knowledge-based economy in the country. The works of scientists have been studied to form methods and methods for evaluating the knowledge economy and knowledge-intensive economics. The main indicators are analyzed and an assessment of the current state of development is carried out. Based on the results of the assessment, the main problems of the formation of a knowledgebased economy have been identified. The ways of solving these problems in scientific and practical terms are proposed. At the same time, the main branches of the economy on the application of scientific potential in the country are reflected. Examples of increasing knowledge intensity in industries are also given. The evaluation results were discussed, additional proposals were developed to increase scientific potential and effectively form a knowledgebased economy.

The manifestation of economic development is characterized by economic growth. However, rapid rates of economic growth alone cannot guarantee a reduction in poverty and unemployment in the country, an increase in the well-being of the population, or a solution to acute social problems. The current poverty level in the Republic of Kazakhstan is 5.3%, 1 million 619 thousand people, the unemployment rate is 4.7%, 452.2 thousand people. Poverty and unemployment are interrelated. On the one hand, unemployment worsens the social situation of citizens and leads to poverty, on the other hand, poverty limits basic needs for quality human capital, such as finding a good job in the future, getting an education, and development. The purpose of the study is to study the relationship between the depth of poverty, employees and unemployment rates, as well as to create a multivariate linear regression model. Eviews software was used to create the model. The results of the study showed that unemployment as a dependent variable has a close relationship with employees and the depth of poverty as an independent variable. According to the model, it can be concluded that unemployment increases as the depth of poverty increases and decreases as the number of employees increases. Based on the analysis conducted in the study, ways to improve the quality of life are shown.

The issue of sustainable development of the banking system in the economy has been relevant for centuries. At present, the development of financial and economic relations goes hand in hand with the application of innovative technologies in the banking system, new forms and methods of customer service, ways of bank management and deep transformation processes. Theoretical and methodological issues of sustainable development of commercial banks and credit institutions, the organisation of internal structural relations of bank management, as well as the definition of strategic priorities for the functioning of banks are among the relevant and leading topics of modern economics. Foreign and domestic researchers have identified various concepts of sustainable development of banks and revealed their essence. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand and classify the flow of literature in various sources on the concept of sustainable banking.

The literature collected in the article was selected using the bibliographic method (R-package Bibliometrix) from 577 articles in the Scopus database for the period from 2018 to 2023. The results obtained make it possible to reflect the evolution of the development of literature in the field of sustainable development of the banking system with the flow of time and the classification in different categories. The results of the literature review form the direction and level of research on sustainable banking, an integrative structure for consideration. On this basis, the literature on sustainable development of the banking system determines the scope of research and also identifies shortcomings in research.

In the era of globalisation, the demand for talent is growing year after year. The ability to create the necessary conditions for talents also speaks about the level of competitiveness of the country. Therefore, the authors aim to identify the level of talent attraction in the labour market of Kazakhstan, taking into account their interest in it. In this regard, it was necessary to determine the level of attractiveness of Kazakhstan for talents among 134 countries using the annual report presented by the world-renowned research organisation INSEAD. The analysis revealed a correlation between talent attraction and competition for talent, as well as a significant impact of talent attraction on competition itself. The results of this paper can serve as a basis for future research and actions to be taken on this issue. At the same time, the data from the re-location survey provided by Antal Kazakhstan was analysed. As it turned out, the main reason for the inflow of foreign labour force to our country was directly related to the relocation to Kazakhstan of the companies themselves.

According to the results of the study, the performance of the Republic of Kazakhstan is at an average level. This means that the country should make the necessary efforts to return its talents and attract foreign talent. Therefore, countries with best practices in migration policies and programmes were considered as examples.

While the inflow of human capital from abroad is considered a positive situation for the economy of a country or region, the outflow of human capital from the country can be considered as equivalent to a reduction in investment in the economy. Thus, the outflow of human capital means the outflow of capital from the economy of one country and its inclusion in the economy of another country.

The dynamics of the migration flow in Kazakhstan in recent years has been characterized by an increase in the number of highly educated emigrants and a decrease in the influx of highly educated immigrants who arrived in the country. It is noted that in 2022, the number of immigrants to the country has halved compared to the figures of the previous ten years. This suggests that the majority of those who left the country are educated youth and qualified specialists, which affects the quality of the human capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

This article examines the migration of human capital in Atyrau region, determines the impact of migration on the economic development of the region, its labor market. The main purpose of the study is to study the problems of migration of working age in Atyrau region and to consider the improvement of measures to combat illegal migration implemented at the national and international levels.

The practical significance of the study is to clarify the presence of a number of migration issues and processes in the Atyrau region and to provide recommendations on how to address these issues.

The article considers the problems of innovative development of the country's transportation and logistics system. To identify the main problems, a questionnaire in Russian was compiled and available online. The questionnaire survey used a sampling method, which allowed for the obtaining of representative data on a relatively small number of participants. The questionnaire survey was conducted among the managers of the transport and logistics system at macro and micro levels, the participants of the transportation process with different innovation potentials were covered.

The results of the survey revealed poor development of innovative technologies in the industry, insufficiently active implementation of innovation processes, insufficiently developed transport infrastructure; the innovative position of their enterprise is carried out through the production of new products (services) on the basis of newly acquired technology, insufficient rates of development of digitalization, introduction of new technologies, low degree of automation, insufficient level of development of innovation infrastructure, lack of industry specialists who are able to carry out scientific and technological development of the transport and logistics system. From the research, it is necessary to emphasize that the transport and logistics system is an important branch of the country’s economic and political life, requiring urgent solutions for innovation development. Taking into account that Kazakhstan ranks 34th in the digital competitiveness rating for 2023.

Purpose of the study: To study and identify the problems related to the innovative development of the transport and logistics system of Kazakhstan by means of a questionnaire survey among managers and employees of this industry.

Research objectives: to conduct a questionnaire survey, to assess the state of innovative development of transport and logistics system of Kazakhstan and to identify constraining problems.

One of the key aspects of international cooperation is the exchange of knowledge and technology between countries. This includes the development and implementation of innovative environmentally friendly technologies that significantly reduce carbon emissions and ensure the rational use of resources. Educational programs and research initiatives funded by international foundations can strengthen environmental awareness and professional skills of the population, which is the basis for the introduction of sustainable practices. In addition, an important area of international cooperation is the development of adaptation strategies for countries most vulnerable to climate change. Adaptation programmes may include infrastructure improvements, ecosystem protection and the development of sustainable farming practices. These steps will not only help to avoid negative consequences, but also open up new opportunities for economic growth. The environmental role in international relations is becoming increasingly important against the background of global challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity and depletion of natural resources. Below are some key aspects of this role: global issues, international agreements, economic interests, global security, new technologies and innovations, civil society and activism. Thus, only with comprehensive and mutually beneficial cooperation can an effective solution to environmental problems be achieved. Countries should understand that strengthening global partnership is not just an opportunity, but a necessity to preserve our planet and ensure the well–being of future generations. In addition, ecology is becoming an important aspect of international relations and has a global impact on the politics, economy and security of countries.

The purpose of this paper is not only to analyze the current state of the labor market in Kazakhstan but also to propose recommendations for optimizing labor policy, taking into account both current challenges and potential opportunities for sustainable development of the labor market in the country. Based on a wide range of data, including statistical indicators range of unemployment levels, legislative changes, and analysis of judicial practice, we aim to identify correlations and cause-and-effect relationships between labor discipline and market indicators. This research provides a detailed comparative analysis of the number of labor disputes and the evolution of Kazakhstan’s labor discipline legislation. Key observations include the correlation between stringent disciplinary norms and reduced unemployment, the influence of judicial practices on labor discipline, and the necessity of balancing strict discipline with fair treatment to prevent legal disputes. The findings offer valuable insights for optimizing labor policies to support sustainable labor market development in Kazakhstan.

The article analyzes criminal legislation aimed at preventing extremism and terrorism among inmates in penitentiary institutions. The authors highlight the increased attention to issues of preventing extremism and terrorism in the country recently, alongside a general decline in such crimes. Recent studies confirm that information about extremist ideology in prisons and its impact on citizens outside of prisons is critically important, representing a global priority that requires thorough research. The article notes that the prevention of extremism in prisons is carried out through two main approaches: preventing the radicalization of inmates and promoting social rehabilitation, including the rejection of radical ideology. Prevention follows punishment, acting as a secondary measure since it requires a combination of various methods of influence. The authors emphasize that to enhance the effectiveness of preventing radicalization, coordinated efforts between state bodies and NGOs are necessary, along with improving transparency and public awareness of the situation in penitentiary institutions, enhancing staff training, employing preventive mechanisms, protecting prisoners' rights, and adhering to democratic values. Additionally, the importance of monitoring prisons for early warning of inmate radicalization, as well as prompt responses to potential risks and threats, is highlighted. The article also provides an analysis of the organizational structures involved in the deradicalization of the prison population and examines existing shortcomings. A review of the legal and institutional framework is conducted, contributing to an understanding of the problem and the development of appropriate proposals to counter radicalization in prisons.

Currently, loan agreements are actively used in legal practice. This is directly related to the prevalence of this agreement in civil circulation. Some types of loans are regulated in addition to civil legislation and other regulatory legal acts. The legal significance of the loan agreement, according to the authors, is not fully disclosed by national legislation and has a number of controversial issues, especially comparative analysis with the loan agreement. The research examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the loan agreement. This article analyzes the concepts of a loan agreement, the parties to this agreement and the subject. The main purpose of this article is a detailed examination of the content of the loan agreement and its features and disadvantages. Additionally, scientific works on the topic of the loan agreement were reviewed. The main research method when writing the article was the method of analysis, generalization and systematization. An important result at the end of the study was the conclusions based on the material used and presented. The practical significance of this study, according to the authors, is the content and conclusions that can be used in teaching and further research on this topic.