In today's new system of international relations, Central Asia, due to its geopolitical and geoeconomic features, is a region of strategic importance that has attracted the attention of the world's major powers. This is primarily due to the region's geopolitical and geoeconomic features, influenced by geographical, economic, national, historical, and cultural factors. Therefore, the region is of great strategic importance.

Secondly, Central Asia is a landlocked region that has no direct access to the seaё. It can only access the world's sea routes through neighbouring countries. Therefore, it is clear, without further ado, how important it is for the Central Asian states to establish ties with neighbouring countries.

Thirdly, the Central Asian region is a region rich in natural resources. Among the natural resources, there are oil, gas, non-ferrous metals, and other mineral resources. The countries of Central Asia have a relatively favourable situation in terms of crop development, including cotton, grains, vegetables, and other economic crops. Therefore, agriculture has a huge economic potential.

Fourth, the Central Asian region has its own unique national, religious, and cultural characteristics, with strong traditional ties to Turkic and Islamic cultures, as well as the combined influence of Western and Eastern civilisations.

The aim of the article is to reveal Turkey's close integration into Central Asia, development of economic relations and strengthening of political influence in the region. The relevance of the scientific article is primarily directly related to the current geopolitical situation in Turkey and the Central Asian region. From a geopolitical point of view, the current development of the Turkish state, its relations with the main geopolitical powers of the world are a strategically important issue, and its policy towards Central Asia is also of great relevance.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the country's museum sector. The main goal is to comprehensively disclose the activities of museums in Kazakhstan in organizing exhibitions aimed at popularizing national history and culture. Next, an overview of historical sources used in the study of the exhibition activities of museums in Kazakhstan is offered, the degree of study of the topic is analyzed. The article examines in detail the opening of the first museums of Kazakhstan since the first quarter of the XIX century, as well as their exposition and exhibition work. The authors consider the contribution of representatives of the local intelligentsia and patrons to the popularization of the centuries-old history and rich cultural heritage of the Kazakh people at the international level.

Another section of the article is devoted to the study of the construction of the museum in Soviet times, the influence of state ideology on exhibition activities. Along with such achievements as the increase in the number and unification of museums, various problems are also considered on the basis of archival documents, normative legal acts and statistical data. The influence of strict state control and censorship, logistical and financial issues that prevailed during the Soviet period on the museum business has been studied.

The article examines the new reforms carried out by Kazakhstan in the museum sector after independence, their impact on exhibition activities. The thematic and structural features of exhibitions aimed at popularizing national history and culture from the point of view of national interests are considered, and indicators of exhibits from museum collections are given. In particular, the active participation of republican and regional museums in foreign exhibitions, thematic features of international exhibitions are analysed.

In the second half of the 19th century, the Kuldja (Ili) Sultanate, which was one of the smallest states in Xinjiang, did not last long, but it was responsible for the emergence of a number of political factors and historical processes in Xinjiang. The reasons for the uprising arose from the political movements of the Uyghurs and Dungans, who tried to organize ways to create a state and live independently in the region. At that time, various local peoples lived in the Ili region of Xinjiang, the main ones being the Uyghurs, Dungans and Kazakhs. The Uyghurs and Dungans of the Ili region rebelled, fleeing from Chinese oppression, and among them were local Kazakhs. The Uyghur (Taranchin) and Dungan rebellion, which directly caused the creation of the Kuldja Sultanate, is considered one of the important topics in Russian historical science. The purpose of the scientific article is to study the history of the liberation uprising of the Uighurs and Dungans in the Ili region in the 60s of the XIX century, a scientific analysis of the political causes of the uprising, its course and results. A historical assessment of the political and social situation and fate of other Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Ili region during this period is given. In addition, the policy of the Russian Empire in relation to political issues occurring in the Ili region is shown.

The purpose of the article is to study the list of Korean families that were excluded from historical scholarship for the first time as a necessary source of information as a result of comprehensive research. In 1990, under the heading" top secret", records were published that had survived for many years about the deportation of Koreans, but the family list was not the subject of special studies, it was mentioned only in some publications. Despite the limited and limited amount of information available, the list of tens of thousands of people can provide comprehensive material to define the teachings of the 1937 exclusion and consider new issues related to the demographics of the Korean population, including the average number of Korean families, their composition, the number of Korean children, etc. The list of deported Koreans includes surnames ( patronymics), first names, patronymics (if any), anthropology, features of transcription of Korean tribes, forms of common names pronounced in Russian, the topic of citizenship of deported Koreans is active and basic, since it is "justified"in the discourse of research. Opinions on this issue are fundamentally opposite. Many authors believe that the deported Koreans were not citizens of the USSR, on the contrary, most Koreans were adults and had Soviet passports. In the list of cars there are many passports and invoices, on the basis of which it is clear that most Koreans are citizens of the USSR. This article uses only part of the lists of the archives of the Russian Federation, so it is necessary to continue the search for sources in this area at the level of social and humanitarian Sciences.

This article comprehensively examines the influence of Soviet historiography on the study of Kazakh history. Historical research conducted during the Soviet period is analysed within four main stages: the mid-1930s to 1950s, the 1950s to 1960s, the 1960s to 1980s, and the post-1980s Perestroika period. The study explores the unique characteristics of each stage, the ideological constraints, and the censorship imposed on scholarly works. It has been established that Soviet historiographical policies resulted in distortions in studies related to Kazakh history. The article places special emphasis on the impact of Soviet rule on historical research. During the Soviet era, historical science was based on communist ideology, which imposed limitations on the objective study of historical data. The colonisation policies of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh Steppe, as well as Kazakh national liberation movements, were misrepresented in Soviet historiography. Ideological restrictions that undermined the national identity of the Kazakh people were institutionalised, leading to a biased official historical narrative.

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the impact of Soviet historiography on the study of Kazakh history and to identify the censorship and ideological constraints imposed on historical works. The study explores how research on Kazakh history was conducted in different periods and what changes took place in historiography. Additionally, the role of J.Stalin and L.Brezhnev’s political policies in shaping historical discourse is examined.

The study demonstrates that Soviet historiography was dominated by socialist ideology, which hindered the objective study of Kazakh history. Soviet authorities justified processes of cultural assimilation and Russification, pushing national history into the background. Contemporary research emphasises the need to reevaluate these issues, critically analyze the influence of Soviet historiography, and implement new methodological approaches and comprehensive research methods.

The article was written in the direction of research and study of personality. The Alash intelligentsia, formed in the late 19th - early 20th century, made significant changes in the development of the Kazakh society. The main goal of the representatives of the Alash intelligentsia on the fields of political struggle is the consolidation of the nation, the definition of freedom in a peaceful environment, thereby important spheres of the spiritual life of the Kazakhs arose – educational, native language, preservation of traditions and customs. The article describes the activities of Khayretdin Bolganbayev on the educational path, based on archival documents. The purpose of the research is to study based on historical data, the life and educational activities of the prominent figure of Alash movement Khayretdin Bolganbayev who tirelessly fought for independence in the ranks of the intelligentsia of the nation, as well as to demonstrate activities on the way to enlightenment and socio-political merits of the Alash intelligentsia. According to archival data, the teaching activities of Khayretdin Bolganbayev in Kyzylzhar were widely studied. It is possible to note the hard work of the leaders of Alash on the way to ensure that the people were literate. His life was spent amid struggle and fight, filled with difficulties. Nevertheless, thanks to his persistent struggle, he left his mark in history as a public figure who worthily performed his work on the path of the nation and left behind a rich legacy.

The article deals with the historical, demographic and social aspects of the intellectual potential of the village of Kazakhstan. The territory of the article covers the post-war period, that is, 1946-1991. As an excursion, the authors talked about the weak intellectual potential of the pre-war years, as well as the development of the intellectual potential of the post-war years. Its historical, demographic and potential appearance is supported by archival data, statistical data. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the growth of the educational and cultural level of the population on the development of intellectual potential. At the same time, objective necessity and state support are unequivocally proven by facts. This ratio bears fruit and is reflected in the facts of training and development of professional personnel based on the intellectual potential of the village of Kazakhstan. The growth of intellectual potential during the development of virgin and fallow lands, its features and dark sides are impressively outlined. At the same time, the article provides figures for the reason for the decrease in the number of collective farmers in the number of agricultural workers.

The purpose of the article is the research of social, historical and demographic appearance of intellectual potential of auls and villages of Kazakhstan in 1946-1991, qualitative social improvement and further development. The differences between town and country are impressively described, including changes in education and culture. The reasons for the lag of the intellectual potential of the village from the city are studied by historical documents.

The gradual colonization of the Kazakh steppes and Turkestan by the Russian Empire was accompanied by complex military-political and spiritual-cultural transformations, with the Islamic factor emerging as a systemic element. Despite the principle of non-interference in the religious institutions of Turkic-Muslim peoples declared under Catherine II, subsequent decades saw an active policy of Russification and Christianization of the local population. One of the tools of systematic spiritual integration was the institutionalized appointment of «statutory mullahs» i.e., representatives of the Muslim clergy selected based on regulated criteria to disseminate the administrative and normative directives of imperial authority through religious practices. The activities of «statutory mullahs» can be divided into two phases: the first, spanning the late 18th to late 19th centuries, focused on competing with the Kadimists; the second, associated with the rise of the Jadidist movement in the early 20th century, was characterized by antagonism between reformist initiatives and traditionalist approaches. Key actors in this process included representatives of the Tatar and Bashkir intelligentsia, as well as local mullahs, whose activities encompassed the construction  of  mektebs, madrasas, mosques, and  the implementation  of imperial regulations among the Turkic-Muslim population. The purpose of this article is to reveal the close integration of Turkey into Central Asia, the development of economic relations and the strengthening of its political influence in the region. The study is  grounded in a methodological synthesis of content analysis  of archival documents, historiographical review, and comparative analysis. The analysis of interactions between «statutory mullahs» and traditionalist and reformist currents provides insights into the mechanisms of adaptation of Turkic-Muslim society to sociocultural transformations amidst intensifying colonial expansion. Identifying the specifics of this adaptation contributes to a deeper understanding of the processes of spiritual-cultural integration and confrontation within the framework of the colonial policies of the Russian Empire.

Just as every nation has its unique and defining features that characterize its culture and traditions, nomadic societies also adhered to distinctive principles. In the vast steppes, specific methods evolved to maintain peace, vigilance, and friendship, to ensure the fulfilment of responsibilities, and to uphold the spoken word. One such institution that helped organise the social structure was the oath. This article examines the manifestation of oaths, their historical and practical significance, and their role not only in the lives of individuals but also in the governance of the community, based on examples from the Turkic-Mongol peoples, supported by historical data and research.

The study aims to explore the features of the social structure of medieval Turkic and Mongol peoples through the lens of the oath institution. The objectives derived from this aim include: revealing the place and significance of the oath as an institution regulating interpersonal relations within the nomadic society, using folklore and written sources as the basis; and investigating the specific characteristics and mutual influences within these societies. Innovative perspectives on the civilizational characteristics of the organizational practices in nomadic societies are taken as the guiding framework for the analysis.

The concept of the oath discussed in the article encapsulates principles that were fundamental to resolving societal issues. It demonstrates how individuals, as integral parts of their community rather than as isolated entities, worked collectively and interdependently to achieve the shared goals of nomadic communities. This was achieved through mutual support and unwavering adherence to their oaths and actions. These principles, as illustrated by the Turkic-Mongol peoples, contributed to defining the destiny of the land, the nation, and the individual.

Scientific reasoning plays a fundamental role in high school science education, as it enables students to develop the cognitive skills necessary for understanding and analyzing scientific phenomena. In disciplines such as Physics, fostering this type of reasoning is essential for effective teaching and learning processes. This study aimed to assess the scientific reasoning levels of high school students in the central zone of Zapopan at the University of Guadalajara. To achieve this, the Scientific Reasoning Test in the Classroom was administered to a sample of 351 second-semester students from the afternoon shift across six high schools affiliated with the institution. The findings revealed no significant differences (p = 0.667, p  < 0.05) in scientific reasoning  levels among 336 students, indicating a predominant reliance on empirical-inductive reasoning. These results underscore the need to integrate classroom strategies and activities that cultivate combinatorial and correlational thinking, as well as the ability to control variables, to promote higher levels of scientific reasoning.

The article discusses the development of an assessment system designed to enhance students' programming skills within the programming course. The purpose of the study is to create a descriptor-based evaluation framework that enables fair and effective assessment of students’ cognitive, practical, and algorithmic competencies in programming.

Based on a comprehensive analysis, the following key sections of the programming course were identified for objective assessment: variables and data types, conditional statements, loop structures, functions and parameters, error handling, and input/output operations. Evaluation criteria and a five-level descriptor system were developed, aligned with the cognitive levels of Bloom’s taxonomy.

This approach provides a comprehensive assessment of not only theoretical knowledge but also students’ ability to make practical decisions, construct logical structures, and demonstrate algorithmic thinking. The descriptors are adaptable to different languages, ensuring consistency in assessment across various programming languages.

The system assists instructors in organizing the evaluation process systematically and helps students clearly understand learning objectives, develop personalized learning paths, and prepare effectively for subsequent stages of their education.

The relationship between exercise and cognition is an important research topic that has only recently begun to unfold. The purpose of the article is to study graphomotor skills and their impact on the level of intelligence in children using an electronic application. In the article, the authors experimented with calculating the IQ level of children using data on graphomotor skills obtained after using the «Nimble Fingers» electronic application, which can be done based on the use of standard methods of the Wexler scale, given that the electronic application is focused on the development of fine motor skills and the accuracy of tasks. The authors used two subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale IV (WISC-IV) for children. It was found that two WISC-IV subtests — Block Design and Alphabet Pattern — showed significant correlations with other cognitive functions, which confirms their importance for assessing both graphomotor and cognitive skills in children. Graphomotor skills have been shown to influence academic achievement and cognitive function. The results highlight the importance of investigating the correlation between physical skills and various aspects of cognition.

The article raises questions about the interest of students, universities, the state and employers in quality education in the modern labor market. In this work, the author focuses on changes in market conditions of the requirements of potential consumers of educational programs - students and employers. Much attention is paid to the learning outcomes and their relevance to the constantly changing conditions of the labor market. The purpose of the article is to study the experience of university interaction with employers in the formation of professional competencies of graduates. As a research task, the authors identified attempts to assess the validity of the participation of employers in the discussion of educational programs and conducted appropriate scientific and pedagogical experiments. The author gives a general description of the trends in the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between universities and employers and their impact on the formation of professional skills and abilities. This direction is also complemented by the impact of independent work of students on the assessment of learning outcomes and the desire to update their knowledge, professional development of university graduates under the requirements of the modern labor market. The role of employers in ensuring the quality of university education is still controversial, but universities often do not involve practitioners in solving topical issues, which is encouraged by the competent teaching staff of the department.

The purpose of the article is to consider the developed model for the development of entrepreneurial activity of future teachers in university education, aimed at integrating entrepreneurial competencies into the professional training process. The relevance of the research is determined by the need for students of pedagogical specialties to develop skills that meet the requirements of an innovative educational environment and global changes in their professional activities. The research used a modeling method, which made it possible to systematize approaches and identify the key components of the model. The target component defines the purpose and objectives aimed at developing students' motivation and professional competencies necessary for the successful implementation of educational projects. The content component includes cognitive, motivational-value, and activity blocks, which ensure the comprehensive development of knowledge, motivation, and practical skills. The procedural component is based on  the application of modern  pedagogical approaches,  such  as competence-based,  learner-centred,  and project-based approaches, and also includes principles, teaching methods, pedagogical conditions, forms of organization, and means that contribute to the effective cultivation of entrepreneurial capacity among students. The assessment and outcome component is aimed at monitoring and assessing the level of formation of entrepreneurial competencies. A schematic representation illustrates the structure and interrelation of model components. This model ensures the consistency and effectiveness of the process of fostering entrepreneurship in future teachers within university education. It was preliminarily tested in a small pilot group of pedagogy students, confirming its applicability and relevance.  Its implementation contributes to the formation of future teachers'  readiness for entrepreneurial activity, the development of leadership skills, creativity, and the ability to adapt to dynamic changes in the educational environment.

The aspects of asynchronous communication between chemistry students and their instructors within the context of digitalizing the educational environments in both the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation are examined. Asynchronous interaction involves the exchange of messages and files attached to them using the symbolic and graphical language of chemistry, specific schemes and graphs. A conclusion has been drawn regarding the necessity to establish and enhance students' information competencies within the domain of chemistry. The purpose of the study is to analyze the use of the resources of the electronic educational environment in the process of independent work in chemical disciplines by students and teachers in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.

The features of remote interaction between students and chemistry teachers in full-time learning conditions have been studied. It is shown that the subject-specific types of extracurricular independent work of students of the Faculty of Chemistry are the performance of tasks in the form of text using the symbolic language of chemistry, such as writing equations of chemical reactions, complete and abbreviated ionic equations, reaction mechanisms; as well as graphical, such as atomic and galvanic cell circuits, graphs and graphical calculations in experimental laboratory and research works. It was revealed that most teachers post materials and assignments for extracurricular work at the Herzen State Pedagogical University in the Center for Distance Learning Support, at the Abai KazNPU in the «Univer» system; however, for reciprocal asynchronous interaction with the teacher, students prefer email or social networks. The materials sent are mainly a photo or a scanned copy of a handwritten text, or a digital document in text format. The students of chemistry revealed a lack of knowledge and skills in using electronic

Metalinguistic consciousness plays a key role in the process of mastering a second foreign language by a multilingual person. Metalinguistic  consciousness can be understood as the  ability of an individual  to make interlingual comparisons beyond the direct use of language. Taking into account the research of metalinguistic

consciousness allows us to better understand the mechanisms underlying the learning of a second foreign language, thereby improving the methodology of teaching a second foreign language.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the influence of metalinguistic consciousness of a multilingual person on the process of mastering a second foreign language. The work considers the cognitive strategies used in the course of learning a new foreign language, as well as the influence of the individual's previous language experience on the formation of these strategies. In particular, the relationship between already mastered languages and the effectiveness of mastering a new foreign language is investigated.

The authors highlight the key components of metalinguistic consciousness: language reflection, language awareness, the ability to self-correct, and interlingual comparisons. The influence of multilingualism on the study of several foreign languages and the influence of the cultural context on the development of linguacultural competence are also considered.

The article presents data from empirical studies that confirm the hypothesis that multilingual individuals demonstrate a higher level of metalinguistic consciousness compared to monolinguals, which contributes to more effective acquisition of a second foreign language.

The conclusions of the work emphasize the importance of developing metalinguistic skills in the educational process, especially in the context of multilingual education. Furthermore, the practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of creating more adapted methods of teaching foreign languages that take into account the multilingual experience of students.

The research competence of future teacher-psychologists is a set of skills and knowledge that play a crucial role in their professional activities. Teacher-psychologists should not only have theoretical knowledge but also be able to apply various psychological methods and research approaches. They conduct scientific research to study the psychological conditions of students in schools and other educational institutions, identify changes, and detect developmental problems. This article examines the significance of research competence for future teacher- psychologists. These skills enable them to address various psychological issues, develop scientific perspectives, apply effective methods and approaches, and contribute to improving the quality of the educational process. In modern society, education should not be limited to academic knowledge alone but should also focus on the personal and social development of students. Therefore, the need to develop research competence in future teachers and psychologists is becoming increasingly evident. Research skills are an essential part of the professional activities of teacher-psychologists, enabling the improvement of educational methods. The purpose of the article is to study the role of research competence in education and psychology and suggest ways to develop it.

This study explores the development and implementation of a distance learning model specifically tailored for teachers in multi-grade rural schools (MGS) in Kazakhstan. The research was driven by the unique challenges that teachers in these schools face, including physical isolation, lack of technological resources, and the need to teach mixed-age classes with limited educational materials. The purpose of the article is to examine the professional competence of teachers of rural small schools and to enhance them through digital learning platforms. Existing professional development programs and distance learning courses were found inadequate for addressing these issues, prompting the creation of a new model using the Discord platform. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys and interviews with 31 MKS teachers, to identify their specific needs and challenges. The developed model incorporated video lessons, practical assignments, and a mentorship component, all adapted for the realities of teaching in rural schools. Discord was selected for its cross-platform functionality, ease of use, and ability to facilitate both synchronous and asynchronous communication. Results showed that 92% of participants found the platform accessible, with 67% successfully applying new skills in practice. Peer-to-peer learning and mentorship were key to the model’s success, fostering both professional development and emotional support among teachers. The study concludes that integrating modern digital platforms into rural education can significantly improve teachers' professional competence and suggests further development of standard guidelines for distance learning in multi-grade rural schools.

Today, the early English language learning question for junior school students is becoming increasingly important. For many decades, methodologists and linguists have given considerable attention to this question, as children at the junior age are generally ready to learn English easily and with interest at the elementary level. The purpose of the article is to study the features of the pedagogical approach in teaching English to elementary school students. The use of various game technologies in the teaching process is considered the optimal approach for junior students, aligning with their holistic perception of the world and creating the necessary conditions for junior pupils’ cognitive, intellectual, and creative abilities. Traditional lessons cannot fail to arouse the junior school students’ interest, but on the contrary, they often tire them out. To stimulate students' interest in English lessons, it is necessary to introduce novelty into the lesson's course. In this way, we form the inquisitive, creative, thinking, and searching abilities of junior students. At primary school, it is desirable to use game technology for this purpose. The results of the study provide a detailed examination of the features of incorporating game technology into the teaching process for junior school students. The practical presentation of the material through the chosen game enables students to understand the content better and apply their knowledge outside of the learning environment.

This article is devoted to analyzing the importance of mass media in human life; specifically the pedagogical and psychological aspects of forming the media culture of adolescents. Currently; we cannot imagine our lives without education; science; human relations; and sources of information. The purpose of the article is to study the mastery of new digital technologies based on skills and abilities; the most important factor in the formation of media culture in an individual. Therefore; the scientific article uses content analysis of research; expert assessment; and synthesis of documents. Thus; if media culture exerts its influence not only on human life; but also on their consciousness; spiritual life; and the formation of public opinion; then; since humanity lives within the framework of media culture; it develops in a particular dimension; opening the way to personal development and influencing it. The objectives of the study will focus on creating digital literacy among high school students. Currently; school students who are proficient in these digital technologies and are quickly adapting to modern changes make up the ranks of active media users. Today's youth possess a remarkably high intellectual level; representing the generation

«Z». They can quickly assimilate information; easily adapt to the digital world; and exhibit exceptional innovative abilities; freely conforming to new conditions and being highly competitive. New digital technologies also have disadvantages; however; when used properly; they can enrich our spiritual life. As a result; the culture of speech; the culture of behavior; the culture of external character and behavior; and the culture of creative thinking become the basis for the formation of a high personality. Therefore; the pedagogical and psychological aspects of utilizing digital culture effectively in education are comprehensively analyzed in the content of this scientific article.

The purpose of this article is to reveal trends in the development of high-technology exports and identify key determinants that directly affect their growth. The authors employ comparative and regression analysis methods to assess the relationship between the volumes of high-tech exports and various factors, including R&D expenditures, the number of researchers, proceeds from the use of intellectual property, payments for the use of intellectual property, broadband Internet access, and the volume of FDI. The object of the study is a group of leading countries in terms of the share of high-tech exports in total exports for 2021: Malaysia, Vietnam, Korea, the Republic of China, Singapore, the Czech Republic, and Thailand.

It was found that the volume of high-tech exports worldwide increased 3.4 times between 2000 and 2021. During crisis periods, the rate of decline in high-tech exports shows more positive results than the rate of decrease in total goods exports. A positive correlation with high-tech exports characterises the selected factors.

Based on the analysis, the authors identified that each country has its unique profile of high-tech leadership, characterised by dominant factors. In China, these are payments for the use of intellectual property and R&D expenses, in Vietnam – broadband Internet access and FDI volumes, for R. Korea – R&D expenses, for Czechia – R&D expenses and the number of researchers, for Malaysia – payments for the use of intellectual property and FDI, for Singapore – R&D expenses and FDI, for Thailand – payments for the use of intellectual property.

Transport infrastructure is a crucial component of Kazakhstan's socio-economic development. The current state of Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure is a critical factor to consider when evaluating the effectiveness of new railway routes in increasing freight traffic. The railway network of Kazakhstan is extensive, covering thousands of kilometres and connecting various regions of the country. Infrastructure railways include a diverse range of lines, terminals, and stations, as well as related facilities such as maintenance depots and warehouses. Additionally, the railway infrastructure plays a crucial role in promoting international trade, as Kazakhstan serves as a vital transit corridor for cargo transportation between Europe and Asia.

The development of new railway routes plays a key role in increasing the volume of freight traffic, especially in the context of transit and international trade. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in cargo flows, which is attributed to the improvement of infrastructure and the optimisation of logistics processes.

In Kazakhstan, it is essential to study the effectiveness of new railway routes in increasing freight traffic within the country in terms of the continuous development and modernisation of railway infrastructure. The purpose of this scientific article is to develop practical recommendations for enhancing the efficiency of new railway routes in increasing freight transportation, using the example of JSC NC KTZ. Importance of the study: It is anticipated that the construction of a new railway route will increase cargo flows passing through Kazakhstan's territory.

This article offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between supply and demand in the labour market within a regional context. In light of the growing globalisation and decentralisation of economic activity, understanding the dynamics of regional labour markets has become critically important for policymakers, researchers, and businesses. The relevance of this study lies in its potential to inform targeted policy measures, facilitate strategic personnel planning and enhance regional economic development efforts. The purpose of this article is to offer a framework for analysing and interpreting these interactions in specific geographical regions. By considering various models, such as the regional labor market equilibrium model, spatial disparity theory, wage differential model, local labor market dynamics model, migration and labor mobility model, and human capital accumulation model, this article aims to provide a holistic understanding of the factors shaping the results of the regional labor market. Expected activities include reviewing empirical research, theoretical foundations, and policy analysis related to regional labour markets. Additionally, the article will propose a conceptual framework that integrates the key factors influencing the dynamics of labour supply and demand at the regional level. The methods employed in writing the article include a systematic review of the literature, a qualitative synthesis of the results, and the development of a conceptual framework based on both theoretical and empirical data. In general, the article contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a structured approach to studying the interaction between regional labour markets

The hotel business is an industry that requires strict financial control. With the development of tourism in the country, the demand for high-quality hotels of a high category has increased. The growing demand has demonstrated new ways of economic management in hotels, one of which is analysing the daily financial condition of the hotel through an overnight audit. The purpose of the study in order to improve the quality of hotel business management in Kazakhstan is to propose specific ways to optimize this process through a comprehensive study of the content of the night audit process, the specifics of the organization and its impact on the effectiveness of hotel activities. The article presents the process of night audit, its essence and features, and examines the effectiveness of the hotel market in Kazakhstan. The number of hotels of the highest category in Kazakhstan is currently growing, and the increase in hotel rooms explains the relevance of this topic. During the writing of the article, statistical information on locations in Kazakhstan and works on this topic were studied. Since there are few works on this topic in our country, a large amount of foreign literature was used as the primary source of information. The study demonstrated that the night audit is highly effective for checking and forecasting daily income and expenses, as well as unpaid guest reports, at the hotel. Therefore, we can say that a night audit is a type of audit offered to hotels in Kazakhstan, particularly those of the highest category.

The article describes the customs control after the release of goods. Post-clearance control in Kazakhstan requires systemic modernisation aimed at transitioning to an intelligent, risk-oriented, and digital approach. This will not only reduce budget losses but also increase the transparency of foreign economic activity, make life easier for honest entrepreneurs and strengthen the fight against financial crime. The purpose of this article is to develop recommendations for improving the activities of post-clearance control units in Kazakhstan, based on identifying problematic issues in conducting post-customs control. The article examines the theoretical foundations of customs inspections and post-customs control. The expediency of introducing post-clearance control in Kazakhstan is substantiated. The stages of formation of the studied direction of customs control are described. The analysis of the efficiency of post-customs control units was conducted based on several key indicators, including the number of customs inspections performed, the volume of additional customs duties, taxes, and penalties assessed and collected. An analysis of violations based on the results of customs inspections in the Republic of Kazakhstan was conducted. The study employed methods of systematic and historical analysis. The situational method and statistical analysis based on data from the results of work carried out by employees of state revenue agencies were also used. The article offers recommendations for improving post-customs control, aimed at enhancing business processes through the introduction of digital tools, strengthening specialist qualification training, and improving interdepartmental cooperation.

Human capital, which is the basis of national welfare, occupies a central place in economics. The study of the mechanisms influencing economic growth reveals essential aspects, including demographic, educational, and motivational factors. The studied components determine the quality of labor resources, productivity levels, and contribution to the development of high-tech industries. The impact of human capital is expressed through stimulating innovation, increasing competitiveness, and reducing socio-economic inequality.

Despite significant achievements in both theory and practice, unified approaches to assessing human capital remain an unsolved task. In the context of globalization and accelerating technological progress, Kazakhstan faces the need to enhance human capital management methods to achieve sustainable growth and socio-economic stability. Considering economic growth models, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating human capital into macroeconomic analysis.

The purpose of this study is to develop and apply an econometric model that reflects the impact of investments in human capital on the pace and sustainability of economic growth. The inclusion of educational parameters and technological changes in economic models allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of divergence and convergence between countries. Endogenous growth theories, which focus on internal factors, link innovation potential and economic growth rates to the accumulation of knowledge and skills. The study's findings highlight the need to invest in education, healthcare, and vocational training. These measures create conditions for long-term economic development, thereby increasing societal welfare and strengthening national economies' competitiveness.

An economic policy focused on inclusive growth and equitable distribution of benefits is becoming the key to sustainable development. Maintaining the high quality of human capital requires an integrated approach, encompassing the development of effective educational strategies, the intensification of research activities, and the increased availability of resources. Consequently, human capital is the primary driver of long-term innovative development and societal welfare.

The issue of food waste management is becoming increasingly significant in the context of population growth, urbanization, and the rising volume of waste.The lack of an effective system for sorting and processing food waste leads to its accumulation in landfills, resulting in serious environmental, economic, and social consequences.

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for sustainable food waste management in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan. This paper presents a model for sustainable food waste management in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan, developed based on a study conducted at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (ENU). The model includes the organization of separate waste collection, the development of infrastructure for waste processing, the implementation of educational activities, and the introduction of motivational mechanisms such as incentives and discounts for environmentally friendly behavior.

As part of the study, data were collected on food waste generated at ENU and its student dormitories. A survey was also conducted among students to identify their behavior regarding food waste. The questionnaire included not only questions about waste handling habits but also about possible measures to encourage students to participate in environmental initiatives.

Thus, this research includes a quantitative assessment of food waste volumes in the university setting (in kg/day), as well as an estimate of the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through the implementation of sustainable waste management practices.

The effectiveness and quality of the public administration system depend on the qualifications of civil servants and their professional competencies. The model of a professional, pragmatic state, adhering to the principle of "listening", "service", and "people first", requires the development of professional competencies and personal qualities of civil servants. The purpose of the article is to explore the possibilities of using a modern assessment center tool to identify and develop talented personnel in improving the public administration system. One of the most promising ways is a competence-based approach. The competence approach is an integrative tool for human resource management and allows you to synchronise various areas of work with the personnel reserve: selection and selection of candidates, motivation and development. To achieve the goal, the assessment of personnel assessment tools, including the advantages of the assessment centre, is given. The scientific article examines the essence of assessing the competence of capable civil servants in the public administration system of the Kazakhstan within the framework of the competence model developed jointly with the Presidential Administration and the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Civil Service Affairs, such as leadership, decision-making, proactivity, analysis and problem solving, as well as persuasiveness, its main tools. The possibilities of developing the assessment of personnel competencies are being studied.

The research was guided by the methods of analysis, synthesis, observation, and comparison of scientific research. The idea of publishing the article arose as a result of the author's participation in competency assessment projects conducted under the leadership of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of the assessment were obtained as research materials.

The purpose of the article is to determine the level of accessibility of socially significant food products in the country, as well as to study the role of labor resources in the agricultural sector as one of the main mechanisms for regulating problems in it. The article analyzes the dynamic changes in the volume of socially significant food consumption by the population of the republic for 2018-2023 and the compliance of these indicators with the scientifically based physiological norm of food consumption per capita. In addition, a comparative analysis of the number of employed people in agriculture by type of economic activity and their wages was carried out. As a result of the study, a number of problems were identified that hinder the country's food security, including: unstable dynamics of agricultural production in gross domestic product (GDP), dependence on food imports, problems in food processing and lack of adequate food security in the agricultural sector, reduction of the labor force and the maintenance of minimum wages in this sector. The article highlights the need for stable employment of labor resources in the agricultural sector and maintaining the stability of average wages as the main mechanism for effectively solving this problem. The differences between the average annual effective rate of consumption of basic foodstuffs by the population per capita and the actual volume of consumption were also studied. To this end, it is scientifically justified that state and local executive bodies should pay special attention to the development of various organizational forms of agricultural cooperation and the expansion of non-agricultural activities.

The article defines the role of investments in modern conditions of financial development and in ensuring the stabilization of industrial sectors. Based on the experience of China, Sweden, Belgium, South Korea, the United States, and Germany, developed countries have identified the role of investment instruments and securities in trade and the financial market in further structural strengthening of the economy. The level of investment activity in Kazakhstan in 2024 amounted to 19.4 trillion tenge, which is 7.5% more than in 2023. There is a development of a competitive environment in the market of goods and services, a weakening of the monopoly system, the development of market relations, and an increase in people's motivation to create and accumulate private capital. Currently, it can be seen that the acquisition and rapid sale by enterprises of any assets, real estate, the issuance of additional shares, the general state of production activities are carried out by methods of economic analysis, providing financial instruments by attracting investments in enterprises carries increased risks. Against the background of the unstable inflationary situation and economic and financial changes in the country, one of the most pressing problems of lending to business entities is the correct determination of the value of monetary assets and the correct assessment of the amount of investment adequacy. The purpose of the article is to identify current difficulties in attracting investments to enterprises in developing or developing countries, some negative factors, evaluate financial analysis measures necessary for financing, and develop recommendations. This article examines the changes in the investment climate in the world at the present time under the influence of changes in the cost of deposits, changes in the volume and reasons for investments in the authorized capital of enterprises in some countries, the problems faced by banks, companies, SMEs in attracting investments, the impact of investment policy on national economies.

Sustainable tourism is becoming an increasingly important tool for regional development worldwide, particularly in regions with rich natural and cultural resources, such as Western Kazakhstan. Known for its nature reserves, rich history and cultural heritage, this region has great potential for tourism development, which can contribute to economic diversification and socio-economic stability. In light of global challenges such as climate change and the need for sustainable development, it is essential to develop tourism models that not only promote economic growth but also preserve natural and cultural heritage.

The purpose of this study is to explore how approaches to sustainable tourism can contribute to the regional economic development of Western Kazakhstan. The research focuses on analysing current tourism practices, assessing the potential of sustainable tourism and developing strategies that can maximise economic, social and environmental benefits for the region.

The expected results include the identification of key resources and opportunities for sustainable tourism development in Western Kazakhstan, including natural parks, historical sites, and cultural events. It is also planned to develop an integrated tourism model that will contribute to the local economy, environmental protection and social development of local communities. Essential steps will include strategies to raise awareness and involve residents in tourism development, organising training, and unlocking potential at the regional level. The results obtained will serve as a basis for planning policies that will not only attract tourists but also protect natural resources and encourage the local community to play an active role in the tourism sector. In the long term, these strategies will contribute to the region's stable growth, improve the quality of life for its inhabitants, and preserve its unique natural and cultural environment.

The labour market is a crucial element of any economy, as it reflects the state of the national economy, the level of social well-being of the population, and the economic capabilities of the state. In recent decades, the global labour market has undergone several changes due to globalisation, technological innovations, demographic shifts, and transformations in labour demand structure. The primary purpose of the study was to analyse the dynamics of employment, unemployment, and youth unemployment across different economic sectors. The research examines the key factors influencing the labour market in various fields, identifying the main trends and problems that impact the unemployment rate in these industries. Special attention is paid to the problem of youth unemployment, as well as to the study and identification of the primary ways to mitigate labour migration, social tension, and economic imbalances.

The research employed methods of economic and statistical analysis, comparison and relative values, as well as induction and deduction. To analyse the leading economic indicators, data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020-2024, as well as publications and scientific papers by domestic and foreign scientists addressing unemployment issues and their solutions, were utilised.

Ways of future research. The research topic is relevant, and it seems unlikely to solve all the problems in a single article. In this regard, the authors plan to conduct further research on employment problems, as well as reducing the unemployment rate of the population, and identifying the main ways to solve them by studying foreign experiences and adapting to the Kazakh labour market model.

The article is devoted to modern theoretical issues of designing mechanisms of social responsibility of business entities. The object of the study is modern theoretical issues of constructing and implementing the social responsibility of business structures in the conditions of intensive development of a market economy. The subject of the study is directly the mechanisms of social responsibility, including both organizational and investment and economic components. The purpose of the study is to model the theoretical mechanisms of social responsibility of business at the micro- and macroeconomic levels for their subsequent practical testing and application in regional economic systems.

In modern market conditions, at all levels of the functioning of the economic system, there is a low level of social responsibility of business entities. A wide range of problems of social responsibility of business entities and entrepreneurship is associated with an insufficient level of elaboration of the mechanisms of social responsibility in practice.

The study of design issues of social responsibility mechanisms is considered in two directions - microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. When designing social responsibility mechanisms at the microeconomic level, factors such as the organizational and legal form of ownership of enterprises, the formation of special organizational and management structures, the development of social responsibility programs and their feasibility study, and the potential for investment support for social responsibility are taken into account. In relation to the microeconomic level, a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of investments in social responsibility of business organizations is proposed.

When designing social responsibility mechanisms at the macroeconomic level, factors such as the activities of government institutions and organizations, social and entrepreneurial corporations, non-governmental public organizations, and the economic potential of forming social responsibility funds at the regional and national levels are taken into account. In relation to the macroeconomic level, options for the economic effect from the implementation of social responsibility are formulated. Taking into account the study of all potential influencing factors, the author’s models of mechanisms for implementing the social responsibility of business organizations have been developed.

The main research methods were the collective method, the analytical method, the method of establishing relationships and patterns, the synthetic method and the method of designing hypotheses.

The purpose of the article is to consider production risks as an independent and significant object of legal regulation in the context of the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The topic is relevant due to the need for a legal transformation in approaches to ensuring safe working conditions, especially at high-risk enterprises where traditional safety measures often prove inadequate. Understanding occupational risks requires more than technical or organizational analysis—it demands a comprehensive legal perspective, including clear regulatory criteria, standardized assessment procedures, effective risk management systems, and mechanisms of legal accountability.

The article presents a critical review of current laws and regulations governing occupational risk management, identifying legal gaps, inconsistencies, and institutional obstacles that hinder the effective implementation of risk- based approaches. It is found that the lack of a unified certification methodology, fragmented legal norms, and poorly defined oversight functions weaken the legal impact and limit preventive measures.

The author argues for a unified and sustainable legal framework for regulating occupational risks, grounded in the principles of prevention, legal clarity, non-discrimination, fairness, and proportionality. Legislative improvements are proposed, including the adoption of a dedicated legal act on risk-based labor protection, enhancement of state supervision, modernization of inspection procedures, and clearer employer liability. Emphasis is also placed on strengthening labor inspectorates, improving legal literacy, and fostering collaboration between the state, employers, and workers to better prevent occupational risks and uphold labor rights.

This article is devoted to the study of legal regulation of gift certificates in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to consider the legal aspects related to the lack of a clear regulatory definition of gift certificates in Kazakh legislation, as well as their legal nature as a written document certifying the holder's right to receive goods or services. The emphasis is placed on the contradictions between the practice of using certificates and the provisions of civil legislation. In particular, the possibility of applying the rules on retail sale and purchases and preliminary contracts is analysed.

The methodological basis of the study includes a comparative legal analysis, a legal analysis of Kazakhstani and international acts, as well as an empirical study of the practice of using certificates. Examples from the legislation of Canada and the United States demonstrate clearer regulation, including a ban on setting expiration dates for gift certificates in a number of provinces and states.

The article highlights key problems: the lack of a legislative definition of a gift certificate in Kazakhstan, limited consumer rights when refunding unused certificates and insufficient control over their use. The article also points to the growing role of electronic gift certificates in the context of the increasing share of e-commerce, which requires additional legal regulatory mechanisms. The article concludes with proposals and recommendations for improving legislation, including the introduction of mandatory requirements for the design of certificates, the protection of consumer rights when using them, and a ban on limiting the validity period. This will ensure the transparency of the gift certificate market, reduce legal risks, and strengthen consumer confidence. This work is of interest to lawyers, researchers, and entrepreneurs involved in civil law and e-commerce.

After several years of discussion, a draft law was adopted in Kazakhstan, and at the end of 2024, a system of professional liability insurance for medical workers was launched. To consolidate the legislative initiative, amendments were made to the legal acts regulating healthcare, special orders of the supervising ministry defining the insurance procedure were issued, and amendments and additions were made to other regulatory acts.

The purpose of the scientific article is to give an overview of the legal basis of a new type of insurance, analyze the available risks and the possibility of implementation in practice, and determine the necessary and sufficient conditions of professional liability insurance as a form of social and legal protection of the rights of medical workers.

Following the set objectives, the article explores the essence and legal nature of professional liability insurance for medical workers, discussing the necessity and relevance of introducing this insurance system in the country today. The authors note that, alongside the formation of the legislative basis for insurance, the issues of its application in practice are also relevant. For this reason, the article extensively discusses the risks associated with the application of this type of insurance in its empirical realization.

The authors concluded that the adopted package of regulations fully defines the procedure of professional liability insurance of medical workers in the Republic of Kazakhstan and should be sufficient for its introduction at the initial stage.

However, it is also noted that certain risks are associated with the introduction of this type of insurance. The article presents a prediction on which the author's assessment is based.

The article is devoted to the special role of the principle of proportionality in administrative proceedings. The principle of proportionality, based on the practice of foreign countries, has received regulatory support in the administrative justice system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It was revealed that the principle of proportionality cannot exist and develop in isolation. The validity of using this principle is related to a combination of reasonableness, fairness, and suitability. Based on a study of foreign and national experiences in implementing the provisions of administrative procedural legislation, an assessment is made of the viability of the principle of proportionality and its application in the practice of Kazakhstani administrative courts.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the patterns of application of the principle of proportionality in administrative proceedings. It is necessary to answer the question: which legal values (the rights and interests of citizens or public state goods) are prioritized in the balance of the courts, based on the essence of the dispute under consideration? Considering the novelty of introducing the principle of proportionality into legal proceedings, it is necessary to examine the scope of its application, justified by specific and legitimate needs to protect public interest.

The scientific and practical significance of the conducted research consists in an attempt, for the first time, based on the available scientific doctrine of the administrative process, the works of foreign and domestic authors, to substantiate the importance of applying the principle of proportionality along with other applicable principles of law.

The results and conclusions obtained will enable us to identify a suitable application in the practice of judges specializing in the consideration of administrative disputes.

The relevance of the study is explained by the need to solve problems related to the use of Big Data and artificial intelligence in the judicial system. Electronic justice is one of the primary vectors of modernizing the judicial system, enabling it to quickly and effectively protect the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and make justice accessible and transparent. The main tasks of the judicial system are to ensure unhindered and convenient access tojustice through IT services, automation of legal proceedings and work with big data, taking into account international best practices, including the creation of electronic courts, criminal case management systems, expression functionality, converting it to text format, and automation of work processes.

The purpose of the article is to study the application of big data and artificial intelligence in the modern judicial system. Civil procedure has increased the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in courts, such as the judiciary, and enhanced its potential to protect human rights. Prosecutors utilize innovative solutions to safeguard the rights of citizens and businesses, as well as public interests.

One of the main goals of civil proceedings today is to ensure unhindered and convenient access to justice through IT services, automation of legal proceedings and work with big data, taking into account international best practices, including the creation of electronic courts, criminal case management systems, speech recognition functionality, converting it to text format, and process automation..

Another area in which lawyers are confronted with new information analysis technology is the use of big data to develop algorithms that begin to make decisions on behalf of humans. It is the use of these programs that is the beginning of the most problematic issues, in particular, the question arises of the law enforcement of lawyers in case of errors. Thus, the research in this article will be undoubtedly helpful to many lawyers when using big data.

During the last ten years, the number of crimes against the sexual integrity of juveniles in the Republic of Kazakhstan has increased dramatically. However, very little research has been conducted to analyse the distinctive signs of nonviolent sexual crimes. The purpose of this study is to study the concept of «lewd acts» in the current legislation and to give an author's definition. It is planned to use qualitative methods of research, in particular, to analyse the experience and practice of applying these types of criminal offences in the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign countries, as well as assessing the research of colleagues from neighbouring countries on the issues of criminal offences that infringe on the sexual integrity of minors and juveniles. As a result, the article offers the author's definition of «indecent assault», the main signs of physical and mental abuse, an analysis of the types of indecent assault (intellectual and physical, contact and non-contact), all sexual acts included in the objective side of the corpus delicti provided for in Article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an analysis of the aim side of violent sexual acts, also infringing on the sexual integrity of juveniles, as well as recommendations for improving legislation in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The article conducted a study and assessed inclusive education in educational organizations in Kazakhstan. Of scientific interest is the consideration of the experience of the development of inclusion in educational organizations of the republic and Western countries, the regulatory and legal legislation for ensuring inclusivity has been studied, and the approaches, as well as the features of the development of inclusive education in universities of the republic, have been studied.

Based on a thorough analysis of the educational environment, directions for the development of teaching technology have been determined to facilitate further active use by people with disabilities. The author offers suggestions for enhancing the quality of teaching university students, intending to gain a deeper understanding of students with diverse learning needs.

The purpose of this study is to assess the legal framework for inclusive education in Kazakhstan, based on a review of legislative acts and an examination of international experience in regulating the educational process for people with disabilities. The subject of the study is the issues of regulatory support for inclusion.

The objective of our article is to examine various methods for ensuring a high level of education for people with disabilities, as mandated by relevant laws, to improve the quality of education.

The key methods employed were theoretical approaches from foreign researchers and practitioners, as well as analytics and assessments of the state of inclusion in the republic and other countries. Additionally, a classification of regulatory and legal documents related to the regulation of inclusive education was conducted. The article provides a comparative analysis of international experiences in implementing inclusive education and legal regulation in the USA, the UK, and Europe.

In the context of the transformation of the education system, the autonomy and managerial independence of universities are expanding following changes made to the republic's legislation, which has a positive impact on the development of inclusion in educational organizations. However, there are specific issues regarding the development of inclusive education that are relevant today, which must be resolved through the use of legal mechanisms and tools. The analysis and assessment of the development of inclusive education in universities aim to inform the academic community. They are of interest to employees of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the

Republic of Kazakhstan, heads of higher educational institutions, and specialists in the field of ensuring academic quality.

The creation of endowment funds in Kazakhstan is a relatively new direction. We notice that today, there is an active discussion of the draft law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On endowment funds”. The presence of endowment funds at non-profit organizations is designed to increase the share of annual income and financial stability, raise the university's prestige, and provide an opportunity to improve the nation's science position. In this article, the authors address the pressing issue of attracting philanthropists to the activities of endowment funds. Additionally, the importance of creating favorable conditions for them. It is necessary to eliminate organizational and legal obstacles. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that universities continue to receive state funds. At the same time, there is a global practice of organizing the self-financing of higher education institutions through trust management. This experience is necessary for the active and correct further development of endowment funds. The theoretical significance of this study lies in its proposals for addressing specific scientific issues related to donor involvement. The practical significance of this study lies in the potential application of this material in the educational process and future research in this area. Building a clearly regulated system for creating endowment funds will provide an impetus for innovative development in addressing large-scale problems in the field of education.

In the context of rapid social change and the dynamic development of information technologies, the issues of protecting the rights and safety of minors are becoming particularly relevant. Crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors remain among the most complex and controversial issues in modern criminology, psychology, and sociology. These acts are characterized not only by a high degree of cruelty and violence, but also by deeply destructive consequences for the psychophysiological development of the victims, which necessitates a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive study of the phenomenon of sexual crimes against minors, with an emphasis on identifying internal psychological mechanisms, social determinants and the influence of the digital environment on the formation of deviant behavior. Modern research makes it possible to identify a complex of biopsychosocial factors that play a decisive role in shaping the psychopathological characteristics contributing to the commission of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. Scientific concepts such as social learning theory, psychodynamic approaches, the cognitive-behavioral model, and neurobiological studies show that the disruption of normal mechanisms of emotional and moral development often arises from a complex interaction of genetic predispositions, early childhood trauma, and adverse social conditions.

The article draws attention to the fact that the interpretation of a civil contract in the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan using the principle of "contra proferentem" is not regulated or is not considered by the current legal norms. There is an insufficient number of special studies in the domestic legal literature that take into account current trends in the development of the rules of contract interpretation, the principle of "contra proferentem" in the legal systems of countries with developed economies.

The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the "contra proferentem" principle at the Institute for the interpretation of civil law contractual claims and to propose recommendations for improving its effectiveness. The article examines the legal basis for the application of this principle in the national and international legal order, its role in protecting the interests of the weak party to the contract, as well as the experience of application in court proceedings.

The authors analyze the theoretical foundations of this principle, its development in the context of jurisprudence of various legal systems, as well as judicial practice reflecting its practical implementation. Particular attention is paid to the application of the Contra proferentem principle in relations between entities with unequal conditions, in particular, when concluding accession agreements, consumption agreements and insurance contracts. The conclusion is made about the importance of the principle as a mechanism for protecting weaknesses and ensuring fairness in contractual relations. The authors emphasize the importance of contra proferentem as a means of ensuring fairness and honesty in contractual obligations, and also offer recommendations for clearer formulation of contract terms to reduce the risks of legal disputes.