The role of modern Turkey in international relations is an important factor. The role of the Turkish state in world politics is growing every year. International players are showing increasing interest in developing international relations with such a large and experienced state as Turkey. Therefore, the future of cooperation with Turkey in the global community depends on many factors. This set of project implementation measures, which defines the basis for the development of international relations in the current difficult geopolitical situation, creates the need to combine all efforts and increase the effectiveness of the legal framework.
Today, Turkey is interested in realizing its political and economic interests in relations with the United States, the Middle East, Russia, and the Arab and Central Asian states.
The Republic of Turkey is in the process of changing its domestic and foreign policy. This is evidenced by the political and economic importance of the Turkish state, as well as its achievement of common positions in international politics. After gaining independence at the beginning of the 20th century, Turkey switched to a market economy. A market economy can also be called an open economy. It should be focused not only on domestic, but also on foreign markets. Kemal Ataturk defined the specific political and economic conditions of the Turkish state, as well as a comprehensive and open foreign policy strategy. It is well known that the EU and the United States are the main priorities in Turkey's current foreign policy and financial strategy. However, in recent years, it is easy to see that this vector has shifted towards the Middle East, the Arab States, Russia and Central Asia. The purpose of the study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Turkey's foreign policy.

The authors address the problem of legal regulation of state-confessional relations in Kazakhstan during the Soviet period. The Kazakh SSR, as one of the republics of the Soviet state, was no exception in the all-Union struggle to build an atheistic society. The anti-religious regulatory framework issued in Kazakhstan during the period under review became an integral part of the general anti-religious policy in the USSR. The purpose - based on the Soviet legislative system, study legal acts on religion in the Kazakh SSR using the method of discursive analysis of documentary sources. The results: the authors examined the laws adopted in the USSR on the religious issue, which had a profound impact on the religiosity. It has been proven that many suffered not only for religious activities, but also simply for faith. The republican regulatory framework for religious policy was developed on the basis of the union, but regional characteristics were taken into account: multi-ethnic and multi-confessional composition of the population of the republic, close connection between national traditions and religious views of the Kazakhs. Conclusions: the authors summarize that the religious legislative policy of the state in the 1940-1980s was a logical continuation of the policy of the pre-war years in the sense that it was based on the ideology of atheism and was aimed at eradicating the religious consciousness of the population. Legislative acts and normative legal documents on religion adopted during these years limited the rights of believers to open and register places of worship, to carry out spiritual practices, and placed the activities of the clergy of all faiths under strict state control. Religious education was destroyed at the legislative level, madrassas and other religious educational institutions were closed. The ultimate goal of Soviet religious legislation was the eradication of religion as an ideological system.

The period of the 1930s was one of the most controversial, complex and tragic in the history of the Soviet state. The article examines the everyday life of Soviet Kazakhstan during this pivotal and dramatic period of history. The purpose of the article is to determine the quality of the memoirs of E.G. Brusilovsky as a source on the history of everyday life in Soviet Kazakhstan of the 1930s. The source for recreating the reality of the 1930s and analysing it was the memoirs of the Soviet, Kazakhstani composer and artist E.G. Brusilovsky [Brusilovsky, 2023]. The memoirs of E.G. Brusilovsky have not previously been utilised as a source for the history of everyday life in the 1930s. However, their author was a significant figure in the culture and art of the republic. The article employed the genealogical method of M. Foucault and specialised historical methods, including comparative analysis, historicaltypological analysis, problem-chronological analysis, and historical-systematic analysis. The historiographic analysis of the works of American, European and Russian historians who made an essential contribution to the study of the everyday processes of both urban and rural residents was of great conceptual importance. When studying the object of research, general theoretical works on the everyday history of F. Brodel and A. Ludtke played a special role. Methodological approaches to the study of man in society and society through human experiences and reflection are reflected in the works of such Russians. The results of the work allowed not only to determine the significance of the memoirs of E.G. Brusilovsky as a scholarly source, but also to conduct an analysis of all the socio-political and economic activities of the Soviet government in that period.

The scientific article presents the brief results of international research on the Botai settlement and culture in the North Kazakhstan region. Since 2000, research on the Botai settlement has been conducted by the outstanding scientist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Archaeological Sciences, and Corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute, Viktor Fedorovich Seibert, as well as an international group of scientists led by Professor Alan Outram of the University of Exeter (Great Britain). The North Kazakhstan region has developed its own historical school, conducted comprehensive research at the republican and international levels, trained qualified specialists in the study of the Botai, Krasny Yar, Balandino, and Vasilkovka settlements, and has accomplished a significant amount of work. It has also been at the forefront of comprehensive research on the ancient Eneolithic settlements of Eurasia and Kazakhstan, and its works have been published in foreign and domestic scientific publications. The purpose of this article is to examine the creative potential and scientific works of Victor Seiber and Alan Outram as individuals in the field of archaeology, to thoroughly examine and describe the history of the region from a scientific point of view, and to scientifically understand the continuity of generations in historical science. The fundamental scientific conclusions of the scientist, who made a significant contribution to the study of domestic and international archaeology, will be considered. During the comprehensive analysis of the horse bones found in the Botai settlement, it was proven that they were domesticated.

This article examines the socio-cultural and political transformations associated with the process of secularization in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, reflecting changes in the role of religion in society. The main attention is paid to the historical roots of secularization, its manifestations and influence on society. The authors emphasize the impact of revolutionary ideas and secularization on traditional values. In particular, the historical prerequisites for the formation of socio-political movements in Kazakhstan that are associated with the policy of the Russian Empire are considered. The purpose of the study is to analyze the processes of secularization in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, as well as to identify their impact on the social, cultural, and political aspects of the life of the Kazakh people. The documents and materials studied allow for a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the formation of national identity and its historical context, including foreign policy events and the internal reaction of society to colonial policy, which contributed to the emergence of the Alash movement. The most significant cultural changes related to secularization occurred due to the development of ideas from the Enlightenment period. This period, spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, was the main one for forming new views on the role of religion in society and for developing philosophical concepts related to rationalism, free thinking, and the separation of the church from secular institutions. Modern interpretations of secularization continue to develop the ideas expressed during the Enlightenment, considering the peculiarities of the cultural and historical context.

The problem of studying the Kimak period's archaeological sites on Kazakhstan's territory is one of the unresolved topics that requires a comprehensive study. In the period from the end of the XIX century to the middle of the XX century, information about the sites of the Kimaks was scarce in the reports of various expeditions, only from the 50s of the XX century throughout the Irtysh, Tarbagatai and Alakol region F.H. Arslanova began to conduct comprehensive studies, classifying funerary and memorial monuments of the Turks of the early Middle Ages and separately identified the sites of the Kimak period. A.G. Maksimova and E.I. Ageyeva also proposed the periodization of the early Turks. Until the 80s of the 20th century, there were active studies of Kimak burial sites, but during the next 30 years, this topic was forgotten entirely. Currently, in the archaeology of Kazakhstan, funerary and memorial sites of the Kimak period are one of the most unexplored topics.
Aims and objectives of the work: The study aims to systematize and collect data on the material and spiritual culture of the Kimak period based on archaeological research materials. Data from funerary monuments were collected and analyzed to achieve this goal, and comparative historical and typological research methods were applied. Results: The study revealed that there is not enough comprehensive archaeological work in Kazakhstan to identify funeral and memorial complexes of the Kimak period.
The work uses research from the 60s of the 20th century to the present day.

The article explores and evaluates the experience of implementing the Unified state system of records management (EGSD) in Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis of relevant literature on the topic and a set of archival documents, the authors have looked into the history of the development and implementation of the system, identified the diversity of elements that make up the EGSD as a holistic system and summarized the experience of implementing the EGSD in Kazakhstan, and also identified the main achievements and difficulties associated with its implementation. The national science of documents in Kazakhstan is experiencing a deficit in relation to the study and generalization of experience in working with paper documents and scientific and technical documents. This study draws attention to the historical roots of one of the current problems of office work and records management, without identifying which one it is, making it impossible to properly understand the current state and current tasks facing researchers in the field of office work and records management, as well as archival work. The EGSD represents a modernization of a complex of processes in working with documents, has many positive features such as the unification of document forms, the development of unified systems of documents and state standards for them and for terminology, the organization of the “life cycle” of a document from the moment of its creation or receipt until its submission to the archive. The study results have determined that office work is an integral part of the public administration system and a specific type of activity. The study also shows that implementing the EGSD in all areas has ensured rational organization of work with documents on a scientific basis. Despite the scale of the EGSD, its incompleteness, and difficulties in the process of its implementation in Kazakhstan, the system has proven itself as it has contributed to the differentiation of traditional methods of working with documents in the context of automated management, as well as in working with scientific and technical documents.
The purpose of the study, based on relevant literature on the topic, works, and archival documents, is to analyze and evaluate the features of the implementation of the Unified state system of records management (EGSD) in Soviet Kazakhstan, aimed at optimizing work with documents for the dynamic work of the management apparatus.

Archaeological museum collections are of great scientific importance as primary sources of information on the history of past eras. In this regard, this study aims to study the "Zhalaulin treasure" collection. The article presents the "Zhalaulin treasure" found in 1988 on the territory of a small village in the Almaty region's Kegen (now Raiymbek) district. The purpose of the study was to conduct a scientific description, search for analogues, and determine the metal's chemical composition with the involvement of nuclear-physical research methods. At the same time, special attention is paid to the actualization of their museification. One of the critical tasks of the study is the scientific cooperation of archaeologists and museums, because these days the role of museums is increasingly running high, both in preserving a unique heritage and in maintaining the continuity of transferring knowledge about the history and culture of the people to future generations. Based on the research resultsm of the collection "Zhalauly treasure", the neutron tomography study and chemical analysis (currently the most accurate analysis) conducted at BWR research reactor are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Since the artifacts from the village of Zhalauly were found as a treasure, it is impossible to determine their functional affiliation. Currently, the research of the treasure artifacts is at the initial stage, and scientific data is being accumulated.
The Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan's archaeological expedition is currently conducting archaeological research in Kegen Valley in search of similar monuments.

The development of sea trade routes from Europe to India led to the decline of continental transport routes. Since sea routes were longer than transport routes across the continent, in the second half of the 19th century, European and Russian engineers proposed several projects that would connect Europe and India through the construction of railways running through the territory of the Russian Empire, from Afghanistan to India. The purpose of the article is to review the development history and economic conditions of the Aral-Caspian railway project. The article traces the routes of the planned railway construction in the pre-revolutionary period, which were to pass through the territories of Western Kazakhstan, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan. The article analyses the economic possibilities of only one section of the project under consideration, which is the Aral-Caspian railway project. The reasons that prevented the implementation of the Aral-Caspian railway project are considered. The plans and implementation of this project in Soviet times are analysed, and the problems of its implementation in the modern period after the collapse of the USSR, in the new republics of Central Asia are considered. Afghanistan's interest in implementing transport projects through its territory is an opportunity to reduce social tensions within the country, taking into account the opportunities that have opened up.

The main objective of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the architectural structures of bathhouses in medieval Sarayshyk with those in other Golden Horde cities. The study examines the architectural features of medieval Eastern bathhouses, as well as their cultural and social significance. It analyses the planning, heating, and water supply systems, as well as decorative elements of bathhouses in the cities of Central Asia and the Golden Horde, with particular attention paid to the bathhouses of medieval Sarayshyk. Based on archaeological evidence, it is revealed that the Sarayshyk bathhouse was constructed under the influence of Roman-Byzantine building traditions, and the use of mud brick in its interior proved to be an effective solution for heat retention.
The engineering skill in the construction of bathhouses, their role in public life, and their significance as evidence of intercultural connections during the Golden Horde period—where Eastern and Western architectural traditions intertwined—are highlighted. Medieval Eastern bathhouses served not only hygienic purposes but also played an essential role as centres of social and cultural life. This research provides a deeper understanding of the place of Eastern bathhouses in the architectural heritage of Central Asia and the Golden Horde era. Furthermore, it examines the social, cultural, and religious significance of the location of bathhouses near mosques in cities.
Bathhouses were not only places for physical cleansing but also essential facilities that ensured spiritual purity in connection with mosques. Since Islam places great emphasis on cleanliness, the construction of bathhouses near mosques facilitated the preparation of city residents for prayer rituals.

The article looks at how high school students use AI tools and mobile devices in high school. Students watch and read whatever they want, and they often use ChatGPT to finish their work quickly. This practice makes us wonder about the quality of learning and the growth of critical thinking. The paper examines at four AI tools—Perplexity, Phind, Microsoft Copilot, and Google Bard—to see how they can be used in education. It states that high school students need to learn about media and information literacy (MIL) so they can judge what they see and use technology safely. The TRIC era changes the focus from technology itself to how people use it. Teachers need training to use AI in their lessons and turn facts into things to talk about in class. The goal is not to make AI illegal, but to show students how to use it well for real learning.

This article outlines the benefits of using artificial intelligence (AI) in primary education and its role in education. In particular, the potential benefits and risks of autonomous learning, improved assessment saving teachers planning time and the use of AI in education are discussed. Additionally, the article addresses important ethical and safety concerns related to the use of AI in education and offers recommendations for addressing these issues. Analysing successful cases of AI application in school education, the article highlights the advantages and potential of this technology in enhancing the educational process.
The purpose of the study is to describe the advantages and risks of using artificial intelligence in primary education and to determine its effectiveness through an empirical method, presenting the results. The skills and knowledge necessary for the effective use of artificial intelligence tools are also identified, as well as indicators aimed at determining the individual advantages of artificial intelligence.
The article concludes by describing the indicators of the results of additional empirical research on the importance of using artificial intelligence in primary education. The article summarizes the current prospects for the application of artificial intelligence in schools and demonstrates its significant contribution to the future of education.

Developing strong research skills is crucial for first-year students of non-linguistics departments as they embark on their academic journey. Project Fest is an invaluable activity designed to enhance students' research skills by providing a comprehensive, hands-on learning experience. The purpose of the article is to study the research skills of students in teaching English through an organized and conducted project festival. It exposes students to various research methodologies, fosters critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, and improves literature review and data analysis skills. Through presentations and feedback sessions during Project Fest, students refine their communication abilities and learn the importance of iterative improvement. This study investigates the impact of Project Fest on developing research skills among first-year students in non-linguistics departments at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, during the 2023/2024 academic year. With 120 students and 50 projects participating, Project Fest offered a platform for students to engage in hands-on research, fostering critical thinking, analytical abilities, and communication skills. The study employed qualitative methods, including open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, to explore students’ experiences and perceptions. Findings revealed that Project Fest significantly enhanced research competencies, built academic confidence, and encouraged intellectual curiosity. The event promoted collaboration, constructive feedback, and practical presentation skills, addressing the limited opportunities for first-year students to engage in research within their curriculum. By creating an interactive learning environment, Project Fest supports the transition to higher education, fosters a culture of research excellence, and equips students with essential skills for academic and professional success.

This article examines the relationship between parents, instructors, and psychologists in detail to analyze and resolve the difficulties of distance learning. The writers analyze the primary obstacles to remote learning, such as technological constraints, modifications to course materials, and students' psycho-emotional health, based on qualitative and quantitative data. The paper offers creative solutions that integrate technology optimization, psychoemotional support, professional development for educators, and hybrid learning to maximize the benefits of remote learning through a multidisciplinary approach. It was discovered that the key issues with remote learning are the need for more engagement between parents, teachers, and students, technology constraints, adaptations made to educational resources, and psycho-emotional stress. The interdisciplinary approaches discussed in this article stress the value of technology optimization, psycho-emotional support, hybrid learning, and teacher professional development. The adopted tactics' influence on the caliber and effectiveness of distant learning is confirmed by the data analysis findings on learning effectiveness and stakeholder input. A key component of effective remote learning is creating customized strategies based on the unique requirements and environments of instructors, parents, and students. The writers stress that emphasizing communication, flexibility, and creativity helps to build a responsive and long-lasting online learning environment. The authors conclude by emphasizing the necessity of ongoing optimization and adaptation of distance learning techniques to maintain their applicability and sustainability in evolving social and educational environments.

This study aims to identify the psycho-emotional and behavioral determinants of parental aggression as a form of domestic violence. The analysis focuses on the impact of childhood traumatic experiences—including emotional and physical abuse—and the lack of emotional safety on the formation of aggressive parenting patterns. The study argues that parental aggression, along with other forms of violence, should be considered not only as a legally punishable act but also as a manifestation of behavioral health disorders. This conceptualization is consistent with current frameworks of the DSM-5 and ICD-11, where aggressive behavior, rooted in affective dysregulation and post-traumatic symptoms, is viewed as part of the clinical-behavioral spectrum.
The methodological foundation of the study is based on an original questionnaire (Childhood Emotional and Physical Experience Assessment Questionnaire and Its Behavioral Outcomes in Parenting), developed to assess the relationship between childhood trauma and parenting strategies. The sample included 398 parents. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted using Jamovi software.
Findings indicate that emotional deprivation and experiences of physical punishment in childhood are positively associated with tolerance for aggression and the propensity to reproduce violence in parental behavior. Significant predictors of parental aggression include high levels of traumatization, emotional avoidance, and internalization of aggressive disciplinary models. These results have practical implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic programs in family counseling and psychotherapy.

The article presents a methodology for developing expert competencies in master’s students of pedagogical specialties in the field of digital educational content evaluation. The purpose of the research is to study and develop a methodology for teaching future teachers the expertise of digital educational content. The relevance of the study stems from the urgent need to prepare teachers capable of critically analyzing and assessing digital resources used in the educational process. The structure of the elective course is outlined, combining theoretical and practical training, analysis of digital platforms, and expert review of original educational products. The proposed methodology is grounded in competency-based and interdisciplinary approaches, employing qualitative methods and expert assessment tools. The results of its implementation demonstrate positive dynamics in the formation of expert competencies among future teachers, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the approach. The presented methodology may be of practical value for universities engaged in training pedagogical personnel in the context of digitalization of education.

The article presents an in-depth study of the effects of smoking on the human body, the spread of electronic cigarettes, and the issue of smoking tendencies among young people. The article also discusses the Evidence is provided that various types of smoking (including electronic cigarettes) lead to multiple diseases, especially cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, and the impact of physical activity on health and the factors contributing to the formation of harmful habits. Data from surveys and studies conducted among students are presented, which clearly show the connection between a high level of physical activity and the smoking habit. Diseases, as well as cancer. Moreover, the importance of physical activity and sports in combating these harmful habits is emphasised. The spread of electronic cigarettes and their use among young people is also a cause for concern, as their harmful effects are not fully researched, and many people consider them less harmful than regular cigarettes.
These studies highlight the need to implement effective measures to prevent smoking and promote a healthy lifestyle among young people and students.

The use of the visual programming environment Scratch has a practical impact on the development of digital literacy among schoolchildren. Scratch provides an intuitive interface and a block-based programming structure, allowing students to master the basics of algorithmic thinking, logical reasoning, and creative design, as well as enhance their knowledge. The development of digital literacy among students is facilitated through an author's program designed for 4th-grade students, which incorporates both theoretical and practical tasks aimed at cultivating computational thinking and problem-solving skills. The experiment involved 82 primary school students and consisted of two stages: determining the initial level of knowledge (pre-test) and the final test (post-test). This allowed for the evaluation of the program's effectiveness in practical application. The author's program for developing digital literacy through Scratch has a positive influence on the development of students' cognitive, creative, and social skills, preparing them for the successful mastery of modern technologies and opening up new opportunities for personal and professional growth. The integration of national values into the program allows students to understand their cultural heritage better and develop it through modern technologies. This helps prepare them to become competitive individuals in the future while maintaining their national identity.
The purpose of the article is to identify opportunities for the development of digital literacy of students using the Scratch visual programming environment. The article discusses the methodological aspects of teaching digital literacy using Scratch, its impact on students' cognitive development, as well as the possibilities of applying the program in the primary school educational process.

The article considers, along with the use of control, experimental, and mathematical methods, the need for systematic application of analogies and models as a method of scientific cognition and a type of creative activity in the process of teaching physics and other natural disciplines.
The importance of using the method of analogies and models for understanding physical laws and phenomena and their theoretical representations is revealed. The method of analogy and models can be effectively applied if such modern technical teaching tools as a computer and multimedia physics training programs are used. The method of analog modeling, as an object and means of cognition, contributes to the teaching of physics to improve the quality of knowledge and reduce the psychological burden on students.In this paper, the authors propose developed computer models for teaching physics.
The effectiveness of the analogy and modeling method based on the development of creative abilities and formulating business skills of students has been experimentally tested and the results are presented.
The application of analogy and modeling in the school physics course, as a method of educational cognition, is one of the main tasks of physical education at school. This method makes it possible to form correct ideas about the modern scientific picture of the world, scientific worldview, creative thinking of students, conducting scientific research of physical phenomena, processes, objects. The purpose of the article is to consider, study the methods of scientific knowledge in teaching the course of physics at school: the use of analogies and modeling.

The article provides a comprehensive methodological basis for the integrated study of hydronyms (names of water bodies) with social and natural disciplines. Due to the fact that the field of toponymy is more polycomplex in nature than other branches of linguistics, is closely related to natural sciences, hydrology, Earth Sciences, and other branches of Science, the relevance of integrated teaching of one of the branches of toponymy - hydronyms. In this context, the importance of knowledge in interdisciplinary communication, rather than individual subject knowledge, was determined by the methodological basis and effectiveness of the integrated study of hydronyms in undergraduate educational programs "History", "Geography", "Biology", "Tourism and service", "Ecology". Examples of tasks were proposed to improve students ' linguocognitive knowledge of water names, to demonstrate the national code behind River and Lake names, to develop the skills of considering language as a symbolic expression of human experience. The hydronyms that formed the basis of some settlement names were cognitively studied, and information was collected regarding the currently existing vague meanings. The article also examined in detail the importance of teaching hydronymic indicators-terms not only as a linguistic unit, but also as a cultural, historical, geographical code and the special cognitive and cognitive function of language in recognizing the nature of hydronyms.
Methods of analysis, synthesis, associative experiment, semantic map, cognitive analysis were used as research methods. The scientific significance of the research work lies in the consideration of the methodological basis of teaching hydronyms of an interdisciplinary nature, while the practical significance lies in the fact that hydronyms are obtained in contact with other branches of science, of a polycomplex nature.

This article explores key approaches and principles for developing a gamified educational environment in schools in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to present a concept taking into account the cultural and educational context of Kazakhstan. The widespread use of digital technologies and multimedia content has transformed how students interact with information, demanding the adaptation of traditional teaching methods. In this context, integrating game elements into the learning process has become increasingly relevant as a means of enhancing student motivation and engagement. The article emphasises the significance of safety in gamification, particularly in terms of promoting psychological well-being and ensuring cybersecurity. The authors propose a classification of game mechanics based on effectiveness and safety, highlighting the necessity of their cultural and pedagogical adaptation. The proposed concept offers a comprehensive and practical framework aimed at supporting the creation of a high-quality and safe educational environment in the digital era.

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the significance of effective integrative teaching in the process of modernising higher education for the development of professional mastery and competencies of future art education teachers within the framework of academically established periods of study. The study aims to improve the efficiency of the integrative teaching process in art education, to define its content and mechanisms, as well as to identify factors that hinder its implementation. In the process of integrative teaching, the abilities of teachers for collaboration, the ability to integrate curricula, the use of effective methods in the pedagogical process, as well as the main barriers to obtaining mutual support from the administration and colleagues in the systematic organisation of this process are identified.
The research is based on theoretical analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction, using scientific literature, dissertations, and articles selected from journals through keywords related to the topic. As part of the pedagogical scientific empirical method, a survey was conducted among teachers of the “Art Education” speciality on issues of integrative teaching, followed by an analysis of the experimental results. A comparative study of the survey results and the conclusions from scientific works showed that the main problems in the process of integrative teaching are: lack of trust among teachers, insufficient understanding of integration methods, inability to abandon the traditional teaching of academic disciplines, as well as common barriers in interdisciplinary cooperation and teamwork. The article focuses on determining the effectiveness of the integrative teaching process in art education and the conditions necessary for its implementation.

This article examines the possibilities and trends of using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the practice of teaching foreign languages in educational organizations. Particular attention is paid to such AI tools as intelligent learning systems, chatbots, automatic checking of written assignments, creation of exercises and voice assignments. The advantages of using AI for personalizing learning s, increasing student motivation and optimizing teacher work are analyzed. The prospects for integrating AI into the educational process, as well as potential difficulties such as technological dependence, ethical issues and the need for digital literacy of teachers are considered. The paper emphasizes the relevance of introducing AI as a means of improving the effectiveness of teaching foreign languages in the context of a modern digital school, and also emphasizes that, with proper integration, AI can become a powerful tool for increasing efficiency, accuracy and innovation in various fields. The theoretical foundation of pedagogy in the educational context has not yet sufficiently explored the model of interaction between humans and machines. In this regard, issues such as the emergence of new roles for teachers, changes in lesson planning procedures, group monitoring, and individual support, as well as how collaborative decision-making between humans and artificial intelligence takes place, are being examined.

The article focuses on the adaptation methods of Kazakhstan's agricultural sector to the principles of a green economy, which is particularly relevant in the context of global environmental challenges and the country's aspirations for sustainable development. Key issues, such as land degradation, water scarcity, and climate change, which impact agricultural productivity, are considered.
The research is aimed at developing an integrated approach to the transition of the agricultural sector to the principles of a green economy, taking into account the specifics of Kazakhstan. For this purpose, statistical analysis, comparative analysis of international experience and expert assessments were used. The purpose of this article is to develop an integrated approach to adapting Kazakhstan's agricultural sector to the principles of a green economy. This includes:
- Introduction of environmentally friendly technologies;
- Rational use of water and land resources;
- Increasing the share of organic farming;
- Creation of an economically and environmentally sustainable development model, taking into account the regional peculiarities of Kazakhstan.
As a result of the study, the main barriers were identified, including a lack of funding, weak coordination between government agencies and a low level of digitalisation of agriculture. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations are proposed, such as the introduction of precision farming technologies, the development of organic agriculture, the use of renewable energy sources and the improvement of the legislative framework. The article discusses methods and approaches for adapting Kazakhstan's agricultural sector to a "green" economy. The key barriers and risks associated with implementing sustainable practices are highlighted: economic constraints, a lack of qualified personnel, climate change, and an imperfect legislative framework.

Modern climatic changes and global economic challenges pose the task of modernization for the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. With the growing global demand for food and increasing environmental risks, the sustainable development of agriculture is becoming strategically important.
The purpose of the study is to identify the key elements of the agro–industrial complex modernization strategy aimed at adapting to climate change and overcoming economic challenges.
The research is based on the analysis of statistical data, scientific publications and examples of successful practices from international experience. As part of the work, the main problems of the Kazakh agro-industrial complex were identified, including soil degradation, reduced yields, water scarcity and high dependence on climatic conditions.
At the same time, internal and external factors affecting the industry's development were analysed, including price instability in global markets, limited access to finance, and the need for digital transformation.
The results of the study show that an effective modernization strategy should include the following key areas:
The introduction of sustainable technologies, including the transition to precision farming systems, the use of energy- and water-saving technologies, and the development of organic agriculture.
Digitalization of the industry: creation of platforms for monitoring and managing agricultural production, the use of drones, satellite data and IoT to improve the accuracy of operations.
Strengthening government support: developing incentives for farmers and businesses adopting environmentally friendly technologies, including tax incentives and subsidies.
Development of the processing and storage infrastructure, which will ensure a reduction in crop losses and an increase in export potential.
The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of an integrated approach to the modernization of agriculture, which combines technological innovations, adaptation to climate change and economic sustainability.

In modern conditions, the need to develop industrial production is increasing. Kazakhstan, as a small economy with large reserves of raw materials, needs to use instruments to regulate structural transformations in terms of improving the share of the manufacturing industry to overcome the “Dutch disease”. This is important for solving the problem of Kazakhstan's dependence on the fluctuations of world prices for mineral resources, including oil, for further development of its society. Therefore, the problem of achieving sustainable economic growth by ensuring advanced rates of production in the manufacturing industry, widespread use of new technologies, and dynamic growth of knowledge-intensive industries is relevant to this day. The structural changes that occur during this process contribute to the development of not only the economy but also all spheres of social life.
The purpose of the article is to consider the place and analyze the state of the manufacturing industry in Kazakhstan in the structural processes of 2018-2023. In the article, the authors analyse the place of the manufacturing industry in the processes of structural transformation of the economy of Kazakhstan for the period 2018-2023. The available official statistical data were used for the analysis.
The analysis showed that the share of the manufacturing industry in gross value added increased, which affected the structure of the industry and the economy as a whole; also, the internal structure of this sector changed in favour of the growth of the specific weight of machine building. These changes can be considered positive. According to the authors, the motivating factor for further changes will be higher levels of profitability and labour productivity growth. However, the study shows that such characteristics as profitability and productivity are still higher in the extractive sector, which is a deterrent to structural change.

Digitalization of labor relations is key to achieving gender equality in Kazakhstan. The article explores the potential of integrating digital technologies into the workplace to reduce gender inequality. The study aims to analyze the impact of digitalization on improving working conditions, expanding opportunities for women and eliminating discriminatory barriers in the labor market. The paper employs statistical data analysis methods and examines international experiences in implementing digital solutions in the workplace.
The study's results show that digitalisation contributes to increasing the availability of remote work, flexible work schedules, and equal access to educational and career resources for both women and men. Special attention is paid to the role of digital platforms in overcoming traditional stereotypes and creating an inclusive work environment. The practical significance of this work lies in the development of recommendations for introducing digital technologies to promote gender equality in government agencies and businesses.
The article contributes to the theoretical understanding of the role of digitalization in the transformation of labor relations and suggests concrete steps to implement a gender-oriented policy in Kazakhstan. The study involved experts in the fields of labour relations, gender studies, and the digital economy, as well as decision-makers in social and labour policy.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the English preparatory education business in Astana, highlight the problems and make recommendations for future improvements. For this purpose, content analysis of published papers on this topic and a case study of private education in Astana were used. During the preparation of this study, we found a lack of studies on the economic aspects of the private tutoring market in Kazakhstan.
The findings reveal that the effectiveness of learning English in private versus public schools is contradictory, yet it has become a popular topic for research. To illustrate, 151 language schools were working In 2023 in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan. The most successful of them has 4-6 branches in one city or within the country.
Keeping the optimal size of students in groups, the content and teaching techniques were more diverse and engaging, and a supportive and friendly teaching style and communication allowed private English entities to be more productive in teaching English than public schools. Our recommendations for state and public language schools are divided into administrative and teaching improvements. Administrative measures include those made by management and relate to organising classes, creating supportive environments, scheduling, meetings, training, and marketing. Etc. Teaching measures include the development of curriculum, learning plans, technologies, assessments and feedback.

This paper examines the functioning and development of the transport and logistics system in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2024. The study is based on statistical data, comparative analysis with international practices, expert assessments, and cartographic visualization of major corridors. Such a multi-method approach made it possible to evaluate both quantitative indicators and qualitative transformations in the industry. The analysis demonstrates that Kazakhstan occupies a strategically advantageous position at the crossroads of Eurasian trade flows, which predetermines its role as a key transit hub. Between 2019 and 2024, transit volumes increased significantly, particularly along the China–Europe corridor, confirming the country’s growing relevance in international logistics networks. At the same time, the modal distribution of freight transportation has remained relatively stable, with railway and road transport consistently dominating. Investment activity showed a sharp rise in 2023–2024, with allocations primarily directed toward modernization of railway and road infrastructure. However, the level of financing for digital solutions and ecological innovations remained modest. This imbalance creates long-term risks, as global logistics trends are increasingly shaped by green transformation and digital platforms. Pilot projects in multimodal and environmentally friendly transport were launched, but their scale is still insufficient to ensure systemic change.
The research also highlighted key structural constraints: deterioration of infrastructure, shortage of qualified specialists, underdevelopment of logistics hubs, and insufficient digitalisation. These factors reduce Kazakhstan’s competitiveness compared to leading transit economies.
The novelty of this study lies in linking investment dynamics, digitalization, and ecological priorities within a single analytical framework, which allows identifying potential strategies for sustainable sectoral development. The practical significance of the findings lies in their applicability to policymaking and business strategies, including the diversification of corridors, the balanced distribution of freight modes, and the targeted promotion of digital and green logistics.

This article examines the barriers to interaction between universities and businesses that arise due to changes in their institutional environments. Particular attention is paid to institutional voids, effective cooperation, knowledge transfer, commercialisation of scientific developments, and the development of an innovative ecosystem, as well as the challenges of financing cooperation between science and business.
The purpose of the article is to study and analyze the barriers that arise in the process of interaction between universities and business, which cause differences in their institutional relations. Key factors such as differences in managerial approaches, peculiarities of corporate culture, motivational recommendations and strategic priorities are analyzed. Modern models of university-business interaction are considered, including mechanisms of knowledge transfer, joint research projects, internship programs and ways of commercialization of scientific developments. The main barriers to effective collaboration are identified, including lack of regulation, poor awareness of partnership opportunities, and differences in organizational structures. The study aims to take measures to eliminate these barriers and create more effective cooperation between the academic community and the business environment. As a result of the study, practical recommendations are proposed to address institutional gaps, including improving the regulatory framework, developing partnership models, stimulating cross-sector collaboration and implementing digital solutions. It is expected that these measures will enhance the efficiency of cooperation between universities and businesses, thereby contributing to the development of science, education, and the innovation economy.

In the context of globalization and rapid technological progress, the global technology market is becoming a key element of economic relations between countries.
The article presents the main market indicators, such as the volume of investments in scientific research, patent activity, and the dynamics of trade in high-tech goods. Special attention is paid to factors contributing to growth and change in the technology sector, including changes in consumer preferences, infrastructure development, and government regulation. The research aims to identify the main trends and challenges facing the global technology market, as well as to develop proposals for market participants. Over the past decade, the global high-tech market has developed very rapidly. This is of particular interest to researchers. It is also crucial for improving the country's competitiveness in high-tech markets to bring the national economy to a new level and increase competitiveness for both private firms and the national economy as a whole.
The main purpose of the article is to study the essence and structure of the global technology market, analyze the main indicators reflecting the state and dynamics of market development, identify the main trends and prospects for the development of the global technology market, and provide recommendations on optimizing the functioning of the country to increase its competitiveness in the international arena.

The purpose of this article is to assess the accessibility of bank mortgage loan products for individuals across various regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research results indicate that, based on official average wage statistics, housing appears to be conditionally affordable in some regions. However, actual data show that approximately 90% of mortgage products remain inaccessible to the majority of the population. The key contributing factors include high interest rates, large initial down payments, challenges in verifying income, and socioeconomic disparities between regions.
The study findings offer both theoretical and practical value for the development of targeted measures to improve housing policy and increase mortgage accessibility. Recommended actions include interest rate subsidies, lowering down payment requirements, and simplifying income verification procedures.
The study employed comparative and quantitative analysis methods. Key indicators such as the Price-toIncome Ratio (PIR), Mortgage Payment as a Percentage of Income (MPI), and the Housing Affordability Index (HAI) were calculated to evaluate mortgage product accessibility across regions. Limitations of the study include the exclusion of informal incomes and shadow economy factors, as well as the inability to analyse several areas (Abai, Zhetysu, and Ulytau).

This study is aimed at conducting a bibliometric analysis of scientific works for digitalization in the agroindustrial complex. Based on the publications in the Web of Science database, the main areas of research, structure of scientific cooperation and priority trends through the VosViewer program are determined. Study assessed the relationship of keywords, cooperation between countries, also the public activity of each country on this topic. In addition, the most reference journals and authors were identified, the directions of their research were analyzed. The contributions of Kazakhstani scientists to the Web of Science database and links to their works were also considered.
The study's results enable the systematic assessment of trends in global and regional scientific development in the digitalisation of the agro-industrial complex. The analysis shows that the number of publications on the introduction of digital technologies in the agro-industrial complex has increased significantly over the past decade. Especially in developed countries, scientific activity is at a high level, intensive research is underway in this area. At the same time, in developing countries, including Kazakhstan, there is an increase in research in this direction, but the level of international cooperation is still limited. Bibliometric analysis shows that research for the digitalization of the agro-industrial complex is concentrated mainly in the direction of digital platforms, smart agricultural systems and innovative technologies.
This study enhances the understanding of digitalization in the agro-industrial complex and supports the industry's strategic development. The findings help identify key research centers, influential scholars, and leading publications, serving as a theoretical and methodological foundation for future studies. Additionally, it provides a scientific basis for decision-making to advance Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial digitalization. The research provides deeper insights into digitalisation processes, assessing both current progress and prospects.

The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of digitalisation in enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, based on theoretical and methodological approaches to analysing and evaluating the effectiveness of digitalisation. The object of this study is digitalisation processes in enterprises of the agro-industrial complex. The main task of digitalisation is to reduce the cost of production, improve its quality and competitiveness based on efficient use of resources and scientifically based approaches.
The stage of digitalisation is a natural continuation of the stages of industrialisation, mechanisation, and automation in the economy, and is directly related to them. Currently, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan considers only two main areas of digitalisation that either have a sufficiently prepared technical base or are urgently needed. The rationale for the impossibility of full digitalisation in the main agricultural sectors is also provided. The scientific study consists in the development of a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of digitalization of agro-industrial enterprises, is based on an integrated approach, including the use of statistical and expert assessments, involves calculating the level of digitalization and the index of Integral impact. on the introduction of digital technologies, taking into account the industry specifics of companies. It involves using the developed methodology to assess the development of the research direction, track the dynamics of its digitalisation, and conduct a comparative analysis with other enterprises in the industry. Economic and environmental efficiency of proposals - the method proposed by the author to assess the effectiveness of the agro-industrial complex, including at crop production enterprises, makes it possible to evaluate the rationality of the use of resources in the process of digital transformation of business processes of organizations.

The article examines effective strategic directions and mechanisms for the implementation of ongoing measures to improve the quality of human capital in the Western region of Kazakhstan and suggests conclusions. The main goal is to determine the specifics of the application and effectiveness of systemic measures aimed at improving the quality of human capital, with an emphasis on the relationship between Kazakhstan and the potential for socio–economic development and real growth in the Western region. To determine the importance of using the concept of human capital as a resource for economic development in accordance with the purpose of the study. This enables us to present a system of specific predictive measures, analysing the primary directions of the most crucial systemic measures within the context of human resource capacity building. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of systemic measures to improve the quality of human capital in the regions of the Western region of Kazakhstan (in the Atyrau, Mangystau, West Kazakhstan region and Aktobe regions) in ensuring socio–economic development and to analyze how the regions meet the requirements of sustainable development. Improving the quality of human capital is a direction designed to help people achieve greater and more effective operational implementation to strengthen social abilities and ensure economic growth. In this regard, the strategic priorities outlined in the article encompass a range of systematic measures aimed at enhancing the quality of human capital in the Western region of Kazakhstan. The article provides a SWOT analysis of the state and development potential of the human capital concept in the Western areas of Kazakhstan, which determines the priorities. Through the analysis, it is proposed to realize the possibilities of forming innovative systems in research areas. At the stage of article development, the state of human capital formation factors is analysed in three main specific areas, where specific steps are identified that reflect the main strategic directions in the fields of education, healthcare, and social development. The article is mainly theoretical in nature, but it also concerns the practical aspects of the proposed problem.

In the context of rapid digitalization of the educational process, a gap has emerged in access to digital resources and the level of engagement between students from urban and rural areas. This disparity negatively affects the quality of education and highlights the need to optimise management decisions. The study aims to analyze and assess the impact of digitalization on educational demands and to determine the level of students' digital engagement, taking into account various factors. The object of the study is the process of digitalization of the educational environment, and the subject is the educational preferences and digital activity of students from different territorial groups. The article presents the results of a survey of 1,263 respondents (901 urban and 362 rural students) and their comparative analysis using descriptive statistics and factor analysis methods. The findings indicate that rural students experience limited access to digital platforms more frequently and tend to have lower motivation for online learning. In contrast, urban students demonstrate higher levels of digital literacy and greater flexibility in choosing learning formats. The study's recommendations include infrastructure development, improved access to digital tools, and the implementation of programs to enhance students' digital competence regardless of their place of residence. The results can be used in the development of educational programs and management strategies at the university and municipal levels.

The relevance of the research topic is caused by the development of the world economy, as well as its internationalisation, which causes the need for states to integrate the national economy into the international economy; in this regard, Kazakhstan needed a global market for goods and services and faced the task of joining the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The importance of the topic is confirmed by the fact that over the past decade, Kazakhstan has adopted and implemented strategic programs aimed at developing the country's foreign economic potential, integrating into the global trading system and maximizing the benefits of WTO membership. Thus, the National Development Plan until 2025 and the Foreign Policy Concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020–2030 emphasize the importance of deepening foreign economic relations, removing trade barriers, and ensuring the effective functioning of the international trading system based on the WTO principles. The subject of the study is the process of Kazakhstan's accession to the WTO.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the accession of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the WTO, identify economic and social consequences, and assess the opportunities that this organization provides to states that have joined it.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of digital transformation processes in civil law infrastructure across post-Soviet states, with a focus on the implementation challenges of smart contract technology and the associated legislative issues. The work conducts an in-depth examination of existing legal frameworks, identifies systemic regulatory gaps, and formulates substantiated proposals for adapting traditional civil law mechanisms to the requirements of modern digital reality. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive scientific analysis of the processes of technological modernization of civil law infrastructure in post-Soviet states through the prism of the introduction of smart contract technology, identify key problems of legal regulation and develop scientifically sound recommendations for improving legislation. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of current legislation, examination of law enforcement practices, and comparative legal studies, which allows for a significant contribution to understanding the evolution of classical civil law institutions in the context of global digitalization. The research results demonstrate considerable differentiation in the readiness of post-Soviet states' legal systems to integrate digital technologies, reveal fundamental problems in the legal regulation of smart contracts, and substantiate practical recommendations for legislative modernization. The scientific novelty of the work lies in identifying patterns of civil law relations transformation under the influence of digital technologies and developing conceptual approaches to harmonizing legal regulation within the postSoviet space.

The article discusses issues related to the regulation of legal relations between climatic (environmental) migrants, environmental refugees and internally displaced persons in international and national legislation, as well as current trends related to the abandonment of permanent residence due to the deterioration of the environmental situation.
The study aims to improve the norms of international and national law governing the rights of climatic (environmental) migrants, environmental refugees and internally displaced persons in global and national legislation. The current state of international and national legislation does not meet the modern challenges facing humanity and does not provide a clear definition of concepts related to climate migrants. The norms of international legislation have become significantly outdated, since during the period of adoption of the current version, the world community was faced with problems of a military nature. Meanwhile, the world and its problems have undergone significant changes over the past few decades. Consequently, there is a need for regulatory regulation that meets modern trends and challenges.
The results of the study made it possible to identify problems in international and national legislation related to climate (environmental) migrants, environmental refugees and internally displaced citizens. A draft international treaty on climate migrants, along with amendments to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Refugees" and the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Population Migration," have been prepared. The available statistical information on the central regions of the world and the Republic of Kazakhstan, which are subject to the greatest population migration due to the deterioration of environmental conditions unsuitable for everyday human life, is summarized.

Scientific work focuses on examining the institution of parole within the criminal legislation of the CIS countries, as well as in other foreign countries. The object of research in the scientific article is the institute of parole, in connection with which the subject of the study is the legal provision of this institute according to the legislation of the states that are part of the CIS, as well as former members of the Soviet Union and having common historical roots of the development of law with Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to analyze the institution of parole in criminal legislation, identify its general and specific features, and develop scientifically sound proposals for improving the legal regulation of parole in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper presents the opinions of scientists regarding the content of the institute under study. The paper presents the views of scientists regarding the content of the institute under study. At the same time, the authors of the work agree with the opinion regarding the motivational, encouraging nature of the use of the institution, rather than considering it as a conditional measure, a sanction or a consequence of the principle of humanism. The institution of parole is a relevant means of influencing persons against whom criminal penalties are applied. It encourages convicts to engage in lawful behaviour, maintain public order, and adhere to the regime of the correctional institution. Features of the legislative experience of the countries reviewed make it possible to identify common characteristics with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of material and formal grounds for applying the institution of parole, as well as subjects who have the opportunity to submit a petition to the judicial authority to serve the term assigned by the court verdict early. In some countries, special attention is paid to persons under the age of majority. In this regard, the formal basis for issuing a judicial act to serve a criminal sentence early is determined by the convicted person's attitude towards their studies and academic discipline. The criminal legislation of certain states differs in that it imposes significant restrictions on subjects for whom it is possible to end the term imposed by a court verdict early: those convicted of minor crimes and who have maintained lawful behaviour during the actual serving of the term. The scientific work contains recommendations based on an analysis of the legislative experience of the countries considered to improve the legal regulation of the application of the institution of parole in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the process of writing the article, such methods as the method of comparative law, logical and general scientific methods were applied.

The article examines the legal foundation of state personnel policy and the civil service system in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to carry out a comprehensive legal and institutional analysis of the state personnel policy and the civil service system in the Republic of Kazakhstan, identify key problems of its functioning, assess the compliance of the regulatory framework with modern constitutional principles and international experience, and develop scientifically sound recommendations for improving the civil service and improving its effectiveness. It emphasizes the necessity of building a refreshed, professional cadre to strengthen governance in a young nation. Constitutional principles – a legal, democratic, secular, and social state – call for enhancing public service quality. The author identifies a shortage of specialised staff in regional departments and high turnover in central agencies, attributed to low wages. The lack of performance assessment links poorly with material, career, and moral motivation systems. The legal definition of a «public servant» is provided, and the statutory division of state positions into political and administrative roles is analysed. Works of domestic and foreign scholars (Starilov Yu., Duisenov E., Turisbek Z., Manokhin V. and others) are reviewed to compare conceptualizations of «state office» and «public servant». The article also examines the regulatory framework of the civil service, the classification of public positions, personnel policy, as well as ways to improve the civil service, taking into account foreign experience. The results of the study make it possible to assess the current state of the civil service system and make specific recommendations for its reform. The study employs a comprehensive methodology, including sociological, comparative legal, historical-legal, statistical, and structural-service analyses. The conclusion offers practical recommendations: to refine the regulatory framework, introduce talent-management systems, strengthen anti-corruption efforts, develop legal and social support mechanisms, foster professional development, and retain skilled personnel within the state apparatus.

The article analyzes the categorical apparatus of migration issues due to the lack of unity in the scientific literature in understanding the terms "migration" and "migrant". The authors consider these concepts through the analysis of various approaches formulated in different fields of science. According to the authors, this situation has developed due to the wide scope of application of these categories and various approaches to their research. The need to pay great attention to the categorical apparatus arises since modern science regards migration as one of the global challenges of our time. This challenge requires the development of innovative methods and technologies to mitigate both the positive and negative factors. It also makes it necessary to develop precise and concise definitions that specifically reflect the legal aspects of regulated legal relations. Within the framework of this article, the main purpose is to analyze migration issues to identify areas that require improvement. Along with this, the authors associate the further development of migration legislation with the formation of a single normative act for all norms regulating the migration process through the adoption of the Migration Code, which should systematize legislation in this area. The result of this study is the set of individual recommendations made by the authors, which aim to improve the norms in this area.

The issue of increasing women's involvement in the higher education systems of Kazakhstan and other countries remains relevant. Women's participation in crucial university decisions nationwide is equally important. This article focuses on women's unique organizational abilities, which have led to significant successes and dividends for the institutions and companies they lead. Identifying solutions to these issues is crucial. One key approach to enhancing women's roles in Kazakh society and the country's higher education system is to boost their political engagement, involvement in political parties and women's organizations, and participation in elections. This pathway often paves the way for women to assume leadership roles, especially in higher education. Advocating for their rights through Kazakh laws and international gender conventions is another effective strategy to empower women in the higher education systems of Kazakhstan and beyond. Seeking support from governmental bodies like Parliament, the Government, ministries (including the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan), the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and trade union institutions can help women protect their rights, including the right to hold leadership positions.

This article examines the specific activities of the military prosecutor's office in investigating crimes during the Great Patriotic War. In conditions of a front-line situation with limited time and resources, military prosecutors performed not only supervisory but also investigative functions, acting in close cooperation with the command, counterintelligence agencies and military tribunals.
The purpose of the article is to investigate the specifics of the implementation of the investigative and supervisory functions of the military prosecutor's office in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War, to determine the specifics of frontline investigation and law enforcement practice in extreme conditions, as well as to reveal the significance of the historical experience of the military prosecutor's office for the evolution of the domestic legal system and the institution of investigation.
Based on archival data and modern scientific sources, the real conditions in which investigations were conducted are considered: military operations, shortage of personnel, and lack of standard procedural capabilities. Special attention is paid to the methodology of documenting crimes, interaction with the command, counterintelligence agencies and the medical service. The issues of qualification of acts, the evidence base, and the specifics of frontline investigation were also addressed. Through the prism of historical experience, the contribution of the military prosecutor's office to the development of the postwar legal system and the institution of emergency investigation is revealed. The study highlights the specifics of the front line investigation, including the problems of collecting evidence, the speed of procedural decisions and the limited possibilities of legal protection of the accused.
Special attention is paid to such types of offences as desertion and looting. The author analyses the regulatory framework, archival materials, and historical and legal literature, which enables an objective assessment of the contribution of the military prosecutor's office to ensuring discipline, legality, and stability within the military machine of the USSR. The work emphasises that even during the war, the investigative function retained the features of legal control, which played a significant role in strengthening military discipline and statehood.

The formation of an effective mechanism for the realisation of human and civil rights and freedoms is one of the basic principles of the State's legal policy. In this regard, some issues of electoral legislation, in particular, regarding the legislative consolidation and application of restrictions on citizens' electoral rights, do not lose their relevance. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze the validity of restrictions on voting rights, as well as to determine the limits of these restrictions. The statement about the expediency of restricting the rights of some persons to ensure the rights of others regarding the protection of rights and ensuring the safety of the latter becomes relevant. The opinions of scientists on the issue under study are considered in terms of the possibility and expediency of applying restrictions, as well as those critical of such prohibitions. An analysis of the international experience of countries allows us to identify different approaches to the restrictions of active and passive law, indicating different techniques and methods of regulating legal relations in countries with common historical roots. In addition, the content of the Law "On Elections" with its amendments and additions was studied and analyzed, including the draft Constitutional Law on amendments and additions to it, which has already been submitted for public discussion. Recommendations are given regarding the introduction of restrictions on citizens' electoral rights and the protection of human and civil rights and legitimate interests.

The paper raises topical issues of the beginning of pre-trial investigation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which were not resolved by the updated Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2014 (hereinafter referred to as the CPC of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and, thereby, gave rise to systemic problems of law enforcement. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive study of the problems of the initial stage of pre–trial investigation in the criminal process of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to identify their theoretical and legal nature and systemic contradictions caused by the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2014, as well as to substantiate the need for a conceptual rethinking and improvement of the regulatory framework of pre-trial proceedings. The authors employed universal and legal methods of scientific research, utilising tools of applied analytics. The achieved results are expressed in the fact that they consider not only gaps, conflicts or insufficient effectiveness of existing legislative innovations, but also make proposals to eliminate them within the framework of the tasks facing this stage. At the same time, the authors believe that the introduction of the latest innovations in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan has altered the stage structure of domestic legal proceedings once again. The authors conclude that pre-trial proceedings should be considered an integral stage, comprising three key stages: initiation of a pre-trial investigation, implementation of procedural actions within the framework of the inquiry and preliminary investigation, and completion of the pre-trial stage. This approach differs from the established theoretical concepts that continue to dominate Russian criminal practice and in some other post-Soviet countries. Taking this into account, the authors also explore the possibility of developing a system and differentiating the grounds for initiating a pre-trial investigation, as well as introducing new mechanisms for their verification, taking into account the specific features of the generic jurisdiction of the recorded criminal violations.
The study of theoretical and applied issues raised in the scientific article led the authors of the article to the conclusion that, to resolve the problems identified in the article, it is necessary to make many changes and additions to the current version of some norms of the CPC of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating the initial stage of pre-trial investigation.